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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
photosynthesis |
transformation of light energy into chemical energy |
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important properties of light |
1. intensity 2. quality 3.duration |
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intensity |
intensity refers to brightness of light |
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quality |
refers to the wavelength composition of light |
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duration |
refers to the length of time of exposure to light |
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limiting factors of photosynthesis |
1. Available light 2. Temperature 3. The amount of water 4. The amount of carbon dioxide 5. The amount & physiological state of the chloroplast |
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Which wavelengths of light are absorbed the most by chlorophyll a? |
chlorophyll a absorbs mostly blue and red wavelengths of light |
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light dependent reactions |
occur in the grana of the thylakoid membrane system of the chloroplast or photosynthetic apparatus |
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light independent reactions |
occur in the stroma of the chloroplast |
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light dependent products |
ATP, oxygen, new water, and NADPH |
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Light independent products |
glucose for C3 plants |
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photophosphorylation |
the addition of a phosphate group using the energy from light |
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Cyclic Photophosphorylation |
addition of a phosphate group in which the electrons return to the same chlorophyll molecule |
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non-cyclic photophosphorylation |
addition of a phosphate group in which the electrons do not return to the same chlorophyll molecule |
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summary chemical equation |
6CO2 + 6H20 ------ C6H12O6 +6O2 |
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haploid |
1 complete set of chromosomes, 1 of each kind of chromosome |
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karotype |
an arrangement of chromosomes by size & shape n= set of chromosomes |
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diploid |
2 complete sets of chromosomes |
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triploid |
3 complete sets of chromosomes |
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tetraploid |
4 complete sets of chromosomes |
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human karyotype |
22 pairs of somatic body chromosomes 1 pair of sex chromosomes |
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down's syndrome |
2n=47. 3 pair of #21 chromosomes. trisome for chromosome pair #21. Caused by non-disjunction in meiosis divisions |
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contributing factor to downs |
mother's age |
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Cell cycle: G1 |
RNA& functional protein synthesis |
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Cell cycle: S |
DNA replication |
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Cell Cycle: S |
DNA Replication |
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Cell Cycle: G2 |
structural protein synthesis |
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mitosis |
division of the nucleus and separation of chromatids |
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Cell cycle: cytokinesis |
division of the cytoplasm |
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interphase |
a time period of synthesis of proteins, DNA, and RNA |
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cytokinesis in animal cells |
the plasma membrane of the parent cell pinches inward along the cell’s equator until two daughter cells form. |
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cytokinesis in plant cells |
a cell plate forms along the equator of the parent cell. Then, a new plasma membrane and cell wall form along each side of the cell plate. |
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meiosis |
reduction division in which the chromosome number is reduced by one half in the daughter cells; occurs only in the gonadal tissues: the ovary or testies |
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how many cells are produced when a cell divides? |
Mitosis: 2 Meiosis: 4 |
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gametophyte |
the gamete-producing and usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises. It is the dominant form in bryophytes. |
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sporophyte |
the asexual and usually diploid phase, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises. It is the dominant form in vascular plants, e.g., the frond of a fern. |
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product of meiosis in plant cells |
gametes |
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product of meiosis in animal cells |
sperm & egg cells |
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zygote |
fertilized egg cell- 2n=46 |
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spore |
a minute, typically one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion, characteristic of lower plants, fungi, and protozoans. |
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how many functional sperm are produced in spermatogenesis? |
4 |
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oogenesis |
the origin of the egg or ovum; only 1 |
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spermatogenesis |
the origin of spermatozoa; 4 functional sperm |
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how many ova are produced in oogenesis |
1 |
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genetics |
the science of heredity; the study of the transmission of characters from one generation to the next |
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what scientist is considered to be the founder of the science of genetics |
gregor mendel |
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dominant |
a gene that expresses itself in the presence of its recessive allele |
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recessive |
a gene that cannot express itself in the presence of its dominant allele |
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genotype |
the actual genetic makeup of an individual |
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phenotype |
the physical appearance of an individual |
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homozygous |
members of an allelic pair are the same. ie, homozygous dominant = AA or homozygous recessive = aa |
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heterozygous |
members of an allelic pair are different, ie, Aa |
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hemizygous |
a condition in which the recessive gene is allowed to express itself because the dominant allele is absent; this condition occurs in sex-linked inheritance, mostly in males |
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position effect |
the exact location of genes on the chromosome may affect the expression of a gene or genes |
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pleiotrophy |
a condition in which one gene determines more than one phenotype |
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F1 |
refers to the first filial generation |
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monohybrid cross |
a cross involving only one character or trait at a time |
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dihybrid cross |
a cross involving 2 characters or traits at a time |
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test cross |
a back cross with a homozygous recessive individual to determine an unknown phenotype |
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pedigree |
a diagram using squares and circles to show the family history of a trait |
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non disjunction |
failure of the chromosomes to separate in meiosis |
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deletion |
a condition in which a chromosome breaks & the segment does not rejoin |
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duplication |
a condition in which a segment of a chromosome joins another chromosome and causes a segment to be repeated |
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crossing-over |
exchange of chromosome segments between homologous pairs of chromosomes |
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inversion |
a chromosome breaks & the segment rotates 180 degrees & rejoins the same chromosome |
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transolcation |
exchange of chromosome segments between non-homologous pairs of homologous chromosomes |
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mutation |
a sudden change in a gene or chromosome |
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gene |
a segment of dna that codes for information |
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chiasma |
the site on chromosomes where crossing-over occurs between the chromatids of homologous pairs of chromosomes |
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polygenic inheritance |
inheritance in which two or more genes influence a single trait |
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locus |
the exact location of a gene along the chromosome |
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simple dominance |
inheritance in which one allele is not dominant over the other and offspring are intermediate in characters between the parents. Ex: color of corn kernels, the ability to taste PTC, hair colors |
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incomplete dominance |
inheritance in which one allele is not dominant over the other & offspring are intermediate in characteristics between parents ex: flower color in snapdragons, coat color in shorthorn cattle |
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multiple alleles |
inheritance in which the gene for a given character exists in the form of three or more alleles ex: ABO blood groups |
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Sex-linked Inheritance |
inheritance of traits from genes located on the X or Y chromosome. ex: eye color in fruit flies, red-green color-blindness in humans, & hemophilia in humans |
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sex-influenced inheritance |
inheritance of traits on somatic or body chromosomes in which the final expression is affected by sex hormones. Ex: early baldness in human males |
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law of dominance |
one gene expresses itself in the presence of its allele |
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law of segregation |
members of an allelic pair separate during the formation of gametes |
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law of independent assortment |
each gene pair (alleles) tends to assort independently of other gene pairs that are located on non-homologous chromosomes during the formation of gametes |
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fruit fly diploid number |
8 |
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human diploid number |
46 |