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81 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

photosynthesis

transformation of light energy into chemical energy

important properties of light

1. intensity


2. quality


3.duration



intensity

intensity refers to brightness of light

quality

refers to the wavelength composition of light



duration

refers to the length of time of exposure to light

limiting factors of photosynthesis

1. Available light


2. Temperature


3. The amount of water


4. The amount of carbon dioxide


5. The amount & physiological state of the chloroplast

Which wavelengths of light are absorbed the most by chlorophyll a?

chlorophyll a absorbs mostly blue and red wavelengths of light

light dependent reactions

occur in the grana of the thylakoid membrane system of the chloroplast or photosynthetic apparatus

light independent reactions

occur in the stroma of the chloroplast

light dependent products

ATP, oxygen, new water, and NADPH

Light independent products

glucose for C3 plants

photophosphorylation

the addition of a phosphate group using the energy from light

Cyclic Photophosphorylation

addition of a phosphate group in which the electrons return to the same chlorophyll molecule

non-cyclic photophosphorylation

addition of a phosphate group in which the electrons do not return to the same chlorophyll molecule

summary chemical equation

6CO2 + 6H20 ------ C6H12O6 +6O2

haploid

1 complete set of chromosomes, 1 of each kind of chromosome

karotype

an arrangement of chromosomes by size & shape


n= set of chromosomes

diploid

2 complete sets of chromosomes

triploid

3 complete sets of chromosomes

tetraploid

4 complete sets of chromosomes

human karyotype

22 pairs of somatic body chromosomes


1 pair of sex chromosomes

down's syndrome

2n=47. 3 pair of #21 chromosomes. trisome for chromosome pair #21. Caused by non-disjunction in meiosis divisions

contributing factor to downs

mother's age

Cell cycle: G1

RNA& functional protein synthesis

Cell cycle: S

DNA replication

Cell Cycle: S

DNA Replication

Cell Cycle: G2

structural protein synthesis

mitosis

division of the nucleus and separation of chromatids

Cell cycle: cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

interphase

a time period of synthesis of proteins, DNA, and RNA

cytokinesis in animal cells

the plasma membrane of the parent cell pinches inward along the cell’s equator until two daughter cells form.

cytokinesis in plant cells

a cell plate forms along the equator of the parent cell. Then, a new plasma membrane and cell wall form along each side of the cell plate.

meiosis

reduction division in which the chromosome number is reduced by one half in the daughter cells; occurs only in the gonadal tissues: the ovary or testies

how many cells are produced when a cell divides?

Mitosis: 2


Meiosis: 4

gametophyte

the gamete-producing and usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises. It is the dominant form in bryophytes.

sporophyte

the asexual and usually diploid phase, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises. It is the dominant form in vascular plants, e.g., the frond of a fern.

product of meiosis in plant cells

gametes

product of meiosis in animal cells

sperm & egg cells

zygote

fertilized egg cell- 2n=46

spore

a minute, typically one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion, characteristic of lower plants, fungi, and protozoans.

how many functional sperm are produced in spermatogenesis?

4

oogenesis

the origin of the egg or ovum; only 1

spermatogenesis

the origin of spermatozoa; 4 functional sperm

how many ova are produced in oogenesis

1

genetics

the science of heredity; the study of the transmission of characters from one generation to the next

what scientist is considered to be the founder of the science of genetics

gregor mendel

dominant

a gene that expresses itself in the presence of its recessive allele

recessive

a gene that cannot express itself in the presence of its dominant allele



genotype

the actual genetic makeup of an individual

phenotype

the physical appearance of an individual

homozygous

members of an allelic pair are the same. ie,


homozygous dominant = AA or homozygous


recessive = aa

heterozygous

members of an allelic pair are different, ie, Aa

hemizygous

a condition in which the recessive gene is allowed to express itself because the dominant allele is absent; this condition occurs in


sex-linked inheritance, mostly in males

position effect

the exact location of genes on the chromosome may affect the expression of a gene or genes

pleiotrophy

a condition in which one gene determines more than one phenotype

F1

refers to the first filial generation

monohybrid cross

a cross involving only one character or trait at a time

dihybrid cross

a cross involving 2 characters or traits at a time

test cross

a back cross with a homozygous recessive individual to determine an unknown phenotype

pedigree

a diagram using squares and circles to show the family history of a trait



non disjunction

failure of the chromosomes to separate in meiosis

deletion

a condition in which a chromosome breaks & the segment does not rejoin

duplication

a condition in which a segment of a chromosome joins another chromosome and causes a


segment to be repeated

crossing-over

exchange of chromosome segments between homologous pairs of chromosomes

inversion

a chromosome breaks & the segment rotates 180 degrees & rejoins the same chromosome

transolcation

exchange of chromosome segments between non-homologous pairs of homologous chromosomes

mutation

a sudden change in a gene or chromosome

gene

a segment of dna that codes for information

chiasma

the site on chromosomes where crossing-over occurs between the chromatids of homologous pairs of chromosomes

polygenic inheritance

inheritance in which two or more genes influence a single trait

locus

the exact location of a gene along the chromosome

simple dominance

inheritance in which one allele is not dominant over the other and offspring are intermediate in characters between the parents.


Ex: color of corn kernels, the ability to taste PTC, hair colors

incomplete dominance

inheritance in which one allele is not dominant over the other & offspring are intermediate in characteristics between parents


ex: flower color in snapdragons, coat color in shorthorn cattle

multiple alleles

inheritance in which the gene for a given character exists in the form of three or more alleles


ex: ABO blood groups

Sex-linked Inheritance

inheritance of traits from genes located on the X or Y chromosome.


ex: eye color in fruit flies, red-green


color-blindness in humans, & hemophilia in humans

sex-influenced inheritance

inheritance of traits on somatic or body chromosomes in which the final expression is affected by sex hormones.


Ex: early baldness in human males

law of dominance

one gene expresses itself in the presence of its allele

law of segregation

members of an allelic pair separate during the formation of gametes

law of independent assortment

each gene pair (alleles) tends to assort independently of other gene pairs that are located on non-homologous chromosomes during the formation of gametes

fruit fly diploid number

8

human diploid number

46