Biology Chp. 42 Circulation & Gas Exchange

Front 1

Diffusion

Back 1

- Its time is proportional to the square of the distance

- Only efficient over small distances

Front 2

Fluid-Filled Circulatory System

Back 2

In small/thin animals, cells can exchange materials directly with the surrounding medium

In most animals, cells exchange materials with the environment via ______________________

Front 3

Gastrovascular Cavity

Back 3

- Functions in both digestion and distribution of substances throughout the body

- Body wall that encloses this is only two cells think

Ex: Flatworms with a large surface area to volume ratio, Cnidarians

Front 4

Open Circulatory System

Back 4

- Hemolymph that bathes body cells like a bathtub; organs are very porous

- Lower hydrostatic pressure, less costly in energy expenditure

Front 5

Closed Circulatory System

Back 5

- Not necessarily more complex than the other type of circulatory system

- Separate lymphatic and circulatory system

- Circulatory fluid is confined to vessels

- Relatively high blood pressure to allow effective O2 and nutrient delivery

Ex: Annelids, cephalopods, vertebrates

Front 6

Single Circulation

Back 6

- Blood leaving the heart passes through two capillary bed before returning

Ex: Bony fishes, rays, sharks have this type of circulation with two chambered heart

Front 7

Capillaries

Back 7

Anytime blood hits the ____________, its flow slows down and loses pressure.

Front 8

Double Circulation

Back 8

- Exclusive feature of tetrapods since terrestrial animals have more O2 availability

- Increases delivery system, systemic capillaries receive high pressure blood

- Maintains higher blood pressure in organs

Front 9

Endothermy

Back 9

Goes hand in hand with double circulation

Front 10

Pulmonary (Reptiles and Mammals)

Pulmocutaneous (Amphibians)

Back 10

The circuit besides the systemic circuit where oxygen-poor blood picks up O2 in lungs.

2 Types, and the types of animals in which they can be found

Front 11

Amphibians

Back 11

- Ridge within ventricle diverts most (90%) of O2rich blood from left atrium into system circuit and most of the O2 poor bloodfrom right atrium into pulmocutaneous circuit

- 2 Atria and 1 Ventricle

Front 12

Turtles, Snakes, Lizards

Back 12

Incomplete septum partially divides singleventricle into separate right and left chambers; 2 major aortas lead thesystemic circulation

- 2 Atria and 1 Ventricle

- Similar to human fetuses

Front 13

Alligators

Back 13

Complete septum allows Ventricle to be divided,but pulmonary and systemic circuits connect where arteries exit, allowingshunting blood flow away from lungs temporarily when animal is underwater

Front 14

Birds

Back 14

The trachea is ventral to the esophagus. ____ have a left and right arrangement.

Front 15

Tetrapods

Back 15

- Double circulation is a shared derived character of ___________ and a chambered heart is an ancestral character.

Front 16

a. Double Circulation

Back 16

Heart can pump harder to increase blood pressure from this adaptation.

a. Double Circulation

b. Two ventricles

Front 17

b. Two ventricles

Back 17

The problem of O2 rich and poor blood mixing was solved by

a. Double Circulation

b. Two ventricles

Front 18

1. Vena Cava

2. Aorta

Back 18

Name the major blood vessel.

The __1__ stays open when cut open because of its diameter. The __2__ deflates but stays wide open because of high blood pressure.

Front 19

Cardiac Cycle

Back 19

- 1 Complete Sequence of Pumping and filling of the heart

- Contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle

Front 20

Systole

Diastole

Back 20

- Contraction or pumping phase

- Relaxation or filling phase

Front 21

Lub sound

Back 21

Name the heart sound that is created by recoil of blood against closed atrioventricular valves

Front 22

Dup sound

Back 22

- Heart sound caused by vibrations caused by closing of the semilunar valves

Front 23

Heart Rate

Back 23

Also called the pulse, the number of beats per minute

Front 24

Stroke Volume

Back 24

Amount of blood pumped in a single contraction

Front 25

Cardiac Output

Back 25

- Volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute and depends on both the heart rate and stroke volume

Front 26

Heart Rate * Stroke Volume

Back 26

- Cardiac output equation

Front 27

1. Endothelium

2. Basal Lamina

3. Connective Tissue

4. Muscle

Back 27

Capillaries have thin walls, the __1__ plus its __2__ to facilitate the exchange of materials. Arteries and veins have an __1__, smooth muscle and __3__. Arteries have thick walls than veins to accommodate high blood pressure. In thinner walled veins, blood flows back to heart mainly as a result of __4__ action.

Front 28

Capillary beds

Back 28

Velocity of blood flow is slowest in the __1__ as a result of high resistance and large total cross sectional area. Blood flow is necessarily slow for exchange of materials.

Front 29

1. Heart
2. 120
3. 70

Back 29

Blood pressure is generally measured for an artery in the arm at the same height as the __1__. On average is at __2__ mmHg at systole and __3__ mmHg at diastole.

Front 30

5-10%

Back 30

Blood flows through only __1__ of the body's capillaries at a time. In the major organs, they are filled to capacity.

Front 31

- Smooth muscle layer contraction in arteriole

- Precapillary sphincters control flow of blood between arterioles and venules

Back 31

2 Mechanisms that regulate distribution of blood in capillary beds

Front 32

- Nerve impulses

- Hormones

- Chemicals

Back 32

Blood flow is regulated by (3)

Front 33

1. Out

2. Into

3. Blood proteins

4. Blood cells

Back 33

The difference between blood pressure and osmotic pressure drives fluids __1__ of capillaries at the arteriole end and __2__ capillaries at the venule end. Most __3__ and __4__ are too large to pass through endothelium.

Front 34

1. Venous
2. Veins

Back 34

Lymph reenters circulation directly at the __1__ end of the capillary bed and indirectly through the lymphatic system which drains into __2__ in the neck.

Front 35

- Water

- Ions

- Plasma proteins

- Substances transported by blood

55%

Back 35

4 Constituents of Plasma and the percentage of plasma

Front 36

Water 90%

Back 36

- Constituent of plasma which is a solvent for carry other substances

- What is its percentage in plasma?

Front 37

Ions

Back 37

- Constituent of plasma that functions in osmotic balance, pH buffering and regulation of membrane permeability

Front 38

Sodium

Potassium

Calcium

Magnesium

Chloride

Bicarbonate

Back 38

Name 6 Blood electrolytes/ions

Front 39

Albumin

Fibrinogen - Clotting

Immunoglobulin - Defense

Back 39

Name 3 plasma proteins

Front 40

Nutrients

Waste products

Respiratory gases

Hormones

Back 40

Name 4 types of substances transported by blood

Front 41

45

Back 41

Cellular Elements of the blood count for ___%

Front 42

Plasma Proteins

Back 42

- Constituent of plasma that influences blood pH, osmotic pressure and viscosity
- Lipid transport, immunity and blood clotting

Front 43

Coagulation

Back 43

Formation of a solid clot from liquid blood

Front 44

Thrombus

Back 44

Blood clot formed within a blood vessel and that can block blood flow

Front 45

Greater efficiency

Back 45

Obtaining O2 from water requires ____ than air breathing since there is less O2 available in water than in air

Front 46

Ventilation

Back 46

- Moves the respiratory medium over respiratory surface

- Aquatic animals move through water or move water over their gills for this

Front 47

Countercurrent Exchange

Back 47

- Where blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills; blood is always less saturated with O2 than the water it meets

- Ex: Fish gills

Front 48

1. Cilia

2. mucus

3. Mucus escalator

Back 48

___1___ and ___2___ line the epithelium of the air ducts and move particles up to the pharynx. This is also called the __3__ and cleans the respiratory system and allow particles to be swallowed into esophagus.

Front 49

Breathing

Back 49

- Process that ventilates the lungs, alternate inhalation and exhalation

Front 50

Tidal volume

Back 50

Volume of air inhaled with each breath

Front 51

- Medulla oblongata

- Pons

Back 51

- Main breathing control centers (2 regions in brain)

Front 52

Medulla

Back 52

- Regulates rate and depth of breathing in response to pH changes in the cerebrospinal fluid

- Adjusts breathing rate and depth to match metabolic demands

Front 53

Pons

Back 53

- Brain region that regulates tempo of breathing

Front 54

1. Aorta

2. Carotid arteries

Back 54

Sensors in the __1__ and __2__ monitor O2 and CO2 concentrations in the blood. Exert secondary control over breathing.

Front 55

Bohr shift

Back 55

- Hemoglobin dissociation curve shows that small change in the partial pressure of O2 can result in large change in delivery of O2

- CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2

This phenomenon is called?

Front 56

- Hemoglobin

- Blood plasma

- Bicarbonate ions

Back 56

CO2 is transported these 3 ways