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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are organisms composed of?
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Matter.
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What is matter?
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Anything that takes up space and has mass.
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What are elements?
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A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions
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How many elements are there?
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92
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What is a compound?
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A compound is substance containing 2 or more elements
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Give an example of an emergent property
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NA + CL = NaCl (Salt)
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What four elements make up most of living matter?
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Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
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List the natural occurring elements in the human body.
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16:
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What are trace elements?
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Elements that are required by an organism, but only in trace quantities
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What is an atom?
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An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the characteristics of an element.
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What are neutrons?
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Subatomic particle with no electrical charge
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What are protons?
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Protons are subatomic particles with a positive charge of +1.
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What are electrons?
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Electrons are subatomic particles that carry a negative charge and are located around the nuclei.
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What is a dalton?
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Used to measure the subatomic mass of particles/atoms/molecules
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How many daltons is a neutron/proton?
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Both close to 1 Dalton
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What is the atomic number?
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The unique number of protons and electrons a neutral element has.
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What is the mass number?
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The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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Atomic Weight?
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A measure of an elements mass. Can be approximated by the mass number
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What are isotopes?
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Two atoms of the same elements that differ in the number of neutrons
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What are radioactive isotopes?
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An element thats nuclei is unstable/decays spontaneously
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What is a function of radioactive isotopes?
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Can be used to date fossils
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What are atoms mostly composed of?
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Empty space
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What is Energy?
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The ability to do work
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What is potential energy?
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Potential energy is the energy that matter stores because of its position or location
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What are the different states of potential energy that electrons have called?
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Electron Shells or Energy Levels
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How can electrons change their position in a shell?
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By releasing or absorbing the same amount of potential energy between the two levels
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What do all atoms want?
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Full outer shell.
Equal number of protons and electrons |
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What are positively charged ions called?
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Cations
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What are negatively charged ions called?
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Anions
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What bond is most important?
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Covalent Bonds
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Draw H2O
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Don't forget the 90 degree angle between the two Hydrogens
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What is the valence shell?
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The number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
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What is an atom with a full valance shell called?
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An unreactive atom
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What is an orbital?
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3-dimension space electrons occupy around an atom
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How do atoms interact with each other?
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By sharing their valence electrons
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What is the term that describes atoms sharing their electrons?
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Chemical bonding.
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What are the strongest chemical bonds?
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Ionic and Covalent Bonding
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What is temperature?
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Temperature ins the average of kinetic energy.
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What is a covalent bond?
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A covalent bond is the sharing of a pair valence electrons by two atoms
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What is a molecule?
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A molecule is the two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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What is the proper format of displaying a covalent bond between 2 Hydrogens?
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H-H
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What is the chemical formula?
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Indicates the number and types of atoms present in a molecule
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What is a double covalent bond?
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A molecule sharing two pairs of valence electrons
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What kind of reactions are common in Biology?
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Equilibrium
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What is Hydrogens Valence and Phosphorus' valence?
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Hydrogen has a valence of 1. Phosphorus has a valence of 3 but usually forms a double bond to make it have a valence of 5.
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Draw (Methane)
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Carbon should be attached to 4 Hydrogens
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Define: Electronegativity.
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Electronegativity is the attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.
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What is a nonpolar Covalent bond?
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When electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally
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A covalent bond between two atoms of the same element is always _____
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non polar.
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What is a polar covalent bond?
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When the electrons in a covalent bond are not shared equally by the two atoms.
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Why is water polar?
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Because oxygen has a much stronger electronegativity than Hydrogen.
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What is an Ionic Bond?
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An ionic bond forms when two atoms are so unequal in their attraction for valence electrons that one strips an electron completely from another.
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Give an example of Ionic Bonding
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Sodium giving away it's one valence electron to Chlorine which has 7 valence electrons.
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What are ionic compounds?
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Compounds formed by ionic bonding
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When do Hydrogen Bonds form?
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Hydrogen bonds form when a hydrogen atom that is already covalently bonded to a strongly electronegative atom is attracted to anther strongly electronegative atom.
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What atoms usually occur in Hydrogen bonding?
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Oxygen or Nitrogen
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How do biological molecules interact with one another? Give an example.
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Molecular shape. Signal molecules sent from the brain fit with receptor molecules of a cell.
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Define: Chemical Reactions
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Chemical bonds that are broken and reformed leading to the new arrangements of atoms.
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What are reactants?
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The starting molecules in a chemical reaction
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In a chemical reaction all of the atoms must be accounted for in the products. This is called being:
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Balanced.
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What is Chemical Equilibrium?
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Chemical Equilibrium means that products are continually being formed, but there is no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products.
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Draw and label the 16 elements that occur in humans
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Draw them. 16. Do it.
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