Biology Chapters 5 And 6

Front 1

Fluid-Mosaic model of cell membrane

Back 1

phospholipid bilayer with proteins scattered throughout

Front 2

Glycocalyx
Carbohydrate chains

Back 2

Formed by glycoproteins
To protect the cell
Helps one cell stick to another, signaling molecules, dehydration, and cell to cell recognition

Front 3

Functions of proteins (5)

Back 3

Channel protein/pores- the way things will get in and out of cell.
Carrier/transporter protein- shuttles molecules in/out of cell.
Cell recognition protein- Glycoproteins- help recognize cell to cell.
Receptor proteins- for ligand molecules to bind a single cell.
Enzymatic protein- speed up chemical reactions

Front 4

Permeability of plasma/cell membrane

Back 4

selectively/semi/differentially permeable- only lets certain things though

This function is critical because the life of the cell depends on maintenence of its normal composition

Front 5

3 ways molecules get into the cell

Back 5

-freely cross membrane- water, carbondioxide, oxygen, and other small non charged particles
-assisted by carriers- ions, polar molecules, glucose, and amino acids
-enter in vesicles- larger molecules

Front 6

diffusion

Back 6

movement of molecules from a higher to lower concentration until an equilibrium is reached

Rate of diffusion depends on temp, pressure, electrical currents, and molecule size

Front 7

osmosis

Back 7

the diffusion of water molecules from high to low water concentration

water moves from low solute to high solute--DILUTE the SOLUTE

Front 8

Osmotic pressure

Back 8

Pressure to prevent osmosis
Pressure that develpos in a system due to osmosis
Higher the concentration, the greater amount of osmotic pressure

Front 9

Isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions

what hypotonic and hypertonic creates

Back 9

Isotonic- Same concentration as another solution

Hypotonic- Less concentration than another solution- creates turgor pressure in plants

Hypertonic- More concentration than another solution- Crenation in animal cells and plasmolysis in plant cells

Front 10

Facilitated transport

Back 10

(diffusion) Move down concentration gradient with the help of a transporter
No energy needed

Front 11

Active transport

Back 11

Goin against concentration gradient. Energy is required and it needs a carrier

Front 12

Endocytosis

Back 12

Endo(into)- Into the cell, cell membrane invaginates enclosing something within the cell

Front 13

Exocytosis

Back 13

Exo(exit)- exits, leaving the cell. residual bodies- waste

Front 14

Junctions between animal cells

Back 14

Anchoring junction- attach adjacent cells. Attach 2 cells together
Tight junction- fluid tight seal
Gap/communication junction- channels between cells. Cells must communicate at the same time.

Front 15

Extracellular matrix

Back 15

Material between cells

Ground substance- Polysaccharides
Fibers- collagen, elastin

Front 16

Plant cell walls

Plasmodesma

Back 16

Made of cellulose and non-cellulose-pectin,lignin

Plasmodesma- a way plant cells communicate-channels

Front 17

Energy

Back 17

The ability or capacity to do work.
Organisms need a constant supply of energy

Front 18

Potential and kinetic energy

Back 18

Potential- stored energy
Kinetic- Energy of motion

Front 19

First law of thermodynamics

Back 19

Law of conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another

Front 20

Second law of thermodynamics

Back 20

Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy (usually in form of heat).

Front 21

Entropy and how it relates to cells (3)

Back 21

State of dissorganization

Energy transformations increase entropy of universe

Requires a constant input of energy to maintain organization

Front 22

Autotroph

Back 22

auto(self) photosynthetic-self feeders

Front 23

Heterotroph

Back 23

Other feeders.
depend on autotrophs and cannot photosynthesize

Front 24

Metabolism

Back 24

The sum total of all chemical reactions that take place in a cell.

Anabolism- synthesis(build up)
Catabolism- break down

Front 25

Free energy and "triangle G"

Back 25

The amount of energy available to do work after a chemical reaction

Energy of products (Energy of reactants)

Front 26

Exergonic reactions

Back 26

Exer(out)- Release energy
Negative change in energy
Products have less free energy than reactants

Front 27

Endergonic reactions

Back 27

Ender(in) - Require an input of energy to occur
Positive change in energy
Products have more free energy than reactants

Front 28

Structure of ATP
And how energy is gained or lost

Back 28

Adenosine+Pi+Pi+Pi---Adenosine~P~P~+Pi

ATP carries energy between exergonic/endergonic reactions

Add phosphate, Lose phosphate

Front 29

Functions of ATP (3)

Back 29

Chemical- Used to synthesize molecules
Transport- Used to move substances in/out of cell (active transport pumps)
Mechanical- Movement of flagella or other parts

Front 30

Metablolic pathway

Back 30

A series of enzyme catalyzed reactions. The products of one step serve as the reactants for the next step.

Front 31

Enzymes

Back 31

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Front 32

3 characteristics of enzymes

Back 32

Specific- 1 substrate, 1 enzyme
Efficient- used over and over again
Subject to strict cellular control

Front 33

Enzyme substrate complex

Back 33

Enzyme is a protein that speeds up chem. reactions and substrates create the enzymatic reaction in an enzyme.
Lock "n" key- perfect fit
Induced fit- enzyme changes so the substrate can fit better

Front 34

Energy of activation

Back 34

minimal amount of energy to start a chemical reaction

enzymes lower the Ea

Front 35

Constituitive and Inducible enzymes

Back 35

Constituitive- Made at all times

Inducible- Made at certain times (when substrate is present)

Front 36

The suffix that usually denotes an enzyme

Back 36

ASE.
Lactase
Sucrase
Maltase

Front 37

4 factors that affect the speed of an enzyme reaction

Back 37

Substrate concentration- How much substrate is at the active site
Temperature- Higher temperature increases molecular motion. Each enzymes have their own optimum temp. depends on the enzyme.
pH- each enzyme has optimum pH
Enzyme concentration- substrate is limited, add more enzyme, the faster it will go

Front 38

Enzyme inhibition

Back 38

some type of inhibitor that binds to an enzyme and decreases activity

Front 39

Reversible and Irreversible inhibition

Back 39

Reversible- Temporarily shuts down when inhibitor is bound and cannot function. Can reverse and fall off
Irreversible- Inhibitor permanantely and irreversibly damages the enzyme
ex: poisons, cyanide, nerve gas

Front 40

Competitive and non-competitive inhibition

Back 40

Competitive- Something competes with substrate. Inhibitor binds to active site
Non-competitive- Inhibotor binds to another part of the enzyme (allosteric site)

Front 41

Oxidation and reduction

Back 41

Oxidation- The loss of electrons LEO

Reduction- The gain of electrons GER

Always coupled reactions and re-dox reactions occur in both photosynthesis and respiration

Front 42

Photosynthesis and respiration

Back 42

photosynthesis
(oxidized) NADP+ +2e- +H+--->NADPH (reduced)


Respiration
(oxidized) FAD + 2e- +H+---> FADH2 (reduced)

Front 43

Electron transport chain

Back 43

chain of electron carriers that accept electrons from NADPH (photosynthesis) or NADH or FADH2 (respiration)

Front 44

Chemiosmosis

Back 44

Method of ATP formation. How ATP is made.

Front 45

ETC is embedded in (2)

Back 45

Inner mitochindrial membrane

Thylakoid membrane

Front 46

ATP production

Back 46

As electrons are pumped across the membranes, they go accumulate on one side. As they go back through the membrane, they go through ATP synthase which makes ATP for each or pair of H+ proton passing through

Front 47

Phagocytosis

Back 47

Cell eating

Front 48

Pinoctyosis

Back 48

Cell drinking

Front 49

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 49

Brings in specific molecules

Front 50

Vesicle formation

Back 50

Used to transport larger macromolecules(polymers)

Formation requires energy

Front 51

Transport by carrier proteins

Back 51

Carrier proteins are specific
They combine only with certain type of molecule or ion (ligand)

Front 52

Types of energy

Back 52

Chemical
mechanical
solar
nuclear
electrical
wind