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150 Cards in this Set

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Oppositely charged ions are attracted and held together in an ___________ bond.

Ionic

This type of chemical bond occurs between what two types of elements?

A metal on the left-side of the periodic table and a non-metal on the right-side of the periodic table.

Sometimes atoms will _________ their valence electrons to achieve 8 electrons in their outermost energy shell.

Share

This occurs between what two elements on the periodic table?

A non-metal atom found on the right side of the right side of the periodic table, and another non-metal atom on the same right side of the periodic table.

What is that bond called?

Covalent bond.

Sharing two pairs of electrons is called a _________ covalent bond.

Double

Sharing three pairs of electrons is called a _____________ covalent bond.

Triple

Put these covalent bonds from shortest to longest.

Triple covalent bonds, Double covalent bonds, and then single covalent bonds.

What is it called when electrons are equally shared between atoms?

Non-polar covalent bond.

What is it called when electrons are not equally shared between atoms?

It is recognized as a polar covalent bond.

What is an isotope?

An isotope is different versions of the same element due to a different number of neutrons in the nucleus.

Some isotopes of an element are unstable and ____________.

Radioactive. (Cue music here... hahaha)

Low levels of radiation is used in __________ medicine.

Nuclear

What is a bad thing about these medical tracers?

They can harm cells, damage DNA, and cause cancer.

Why must all chemical equations be balanced?

It must comply with the law of conservation, meaning that matter cannot be destroyed or created.

What is the pH scale?

The pH scale is an inverse and logarithmic scale.

What does the scale measure?

The scale measures hydrogen ion concentrations.

H+

This is a hydrogen ion.

[ ]

This means concentration.

The lower the number [On the pH scale], the _________ the [H+].

higher

The higher the number [on the pH scale], the ____________ the [H+]

lower

Each pH unit is a ten-fold ____________ or ___________ of the [H+].

increase...decrease

Solutions with greater the amounts of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions are classified as ______________.

basic solutions

Solutions with greater concentrations of hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions are classified as _______________.

acidic solutions

Solutions with an equal concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are classified as ________________.

neutral solutions

What is Bromothymol Blue an indicator of?

Acidity

What is Phenolphthalein an indicator of?

If it is basic or not. (HAHAH...)

Why does water have such unique qualities?

It is because of hydrogen bonding between the water molecules.

Water has a __________ heat capacity. This is seen when water takes a long time to heat up and to cool down.

high

Water also has a _______ heat of vaporization.

high

Water also has a __________ surface tension.

high

What is cohesion?

Water molecule sticking to each other.

What is adhesion?

Water molecules sticking to polar/other surfaces.

Water is known as the universal __________ of life.

solvent

What is a solvent?

A dissolving agent.

What is a solute?

A substance that has already dissolved.

Solid water (ice) is _________ dense than liquid water because of ______________________.

less...hydrogen bonding

When water ionizes, it releases an equal number of ___________ ions and ____________ ions.

negative...positive

Name the prefix for each of the numbers:



1 _____________


2 _____________


3 _____________


4 _____________


5 _____________

1: mono-


2: di-


3: tri-


4: tetra-


5: penta-

Name the prefix for each of the numbers:


6 _______________


7 _______________


8 _______________


9 _______________


10 ______________

6: hexa-


7: hepta-


8: octa-


9: nona-


10: deca-

H2O

Water

O3

Ozone

NH3

Ammonia

NO

Nitric Oxide

NO2

Nitrous Oxide

What are rows called on the periodic table?

Periods.

What are columns called on the periodic table?

Groups or families.

What is an element?

A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances using ordinary chemical means.

What is the atomic number of an atom?

The number of protons the atom has.

What is the atomic mass or mass number in an atom?

The mass of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

What is an ion?

A charged atom with unbalanced # of protons to # of electrons.

What is a cation?

A positively charged ion.

What is an anion?

A negatively charged ion.

How many electrons to each electron shell.

2 in the first shell


8 in the second shell


18 in the third shell


32 in the fourth shell

What are valence electrons?

Electrons in the outermost shell.

What do valence electrons determine?

The chemical reactivity of the atom. (Only the valence electrons are involved in the bonding between atoms.

What is the octet rule?

All atoms need to have a full outer shell of 8 electrons to be stable.

When atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer shell, what does it create?

A covalent bond between the atoms. (Nonmetal + Nonmetal).

When atoms give or receive atoms to achieve a full outer shell, what is it called?

This is an ionic bond between the atoms. (Metal + Nonmetal).

What do columns indicate in the periodic table?

The number of valence electrons in the element's outermost shell.

What do rows indicate in the periodic table?

The number of electron shells in the element.

Would changing the number of protons in the element change it into a different element?

Yes.

What are the six elements common to all life?

Sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and phosphorus.

Name P2O5.

di-phosphorus pentoxide.

Name N2O3

di-nitrogen trioxide

Name CBr4

carbon tetrabromide

What is the three carbon monomer of carbohydrate's chemical formula?

C3H6O3

True or false, carbon atoms can bond together in straight chains, branched chains, or rings.

True

True or false, large molecules containing carbon atoms are called micromolecules.

False

True or false, polymers are formed by hydrolysis.

False

True or false, cells use carbohydrates for energy.

True

What is matter and give examples?

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.



Gas


Liquid


Solid

What is a compound?

A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.

What are trace elements?

Trace elements are essential to the human life but are needed in only minute quantities.

What is an atom?

The atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains properties from element.

What is a proton?

A proton is a subatomic particle with one positive charge.

What is a electron?

An electron is a subatomic particle with one negative charge.

What is a neutron?

A neutron is a subatomic particle with no charge.

What is a nucleus?

A nucleus is a combination of protons and neutrons tightly packed together to form the central core.

What are reactants?

The starting materials before the chemical reaction.

What are products?

The material resulting from the chemical reaction.

What is thermal energy?

Thermal energy is associated with the random movement of atoms and molecules.

What is heat?

Heat is thermal energy transfer from warmer to cooler bodies of matter.

What is temperature?

Temperature is the average speed of molecules in a body of matter.

What is a solution?

A liquid consisting of uniform mixture of two or more substances.

What are buffers?

Buffers are substances that minimize exchanged in pH.

What are organic compounds?

Organic compounds are carbon-based molecules.

What are isomers?

Isomers are compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural arrangement.

What are hydrocarbons?

They contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

What are functioning groups?

They are chemical groups that affect a molecule's function.

Hydrophilic?

Water-loving.

Hydroxyl group?

A hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom.



-OH

Carbonyl group?

A carbon atom double bonde to an oxygen atom.



-C=O

Carboxyl group?

A carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.



-C=O


|


OH

Amino Group?

Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms and a carbon skeleton.



H


|


-N-H

Phosphat group?

A phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.

A phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.

Methyl Group?

carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon skeleton.

carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon skeleton.

Macromolecules?

gigantic molecules.

polymers?

small chains of molecules.

monomers?

building blocks of polymers.

Dehydration reaction?

Reaction that removes a molecule of water as two monomers bond together.

Hydrolysis?

Reaction that adds water to a polymer to break it up into two monomers.

Enzymes?

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reaction in cells. (Protein)

Carbohydrates?

The class of molecules that range from small sugar molecules to large polysaccharides like starch molecules.

Monosaccharides?

Monomers of carbohydrates.

Glucose?

A common monosaccharide if central importance in the chemistry of life.



C6H12O6

What is a disaccharide?

A disaccharide is two monosaccharides bonded together.

Trans Fats

Trans fats are harmful polysaccharides with detrimental effects on cardiovascular health.

What are polysaccharides?

Polysaccharides are macromolecules, polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reaction. [poly saccharides are structural and storage molecules].

Starch?

A storage polysaccharide in plants with long glucose monomers.

Glycogen?

A polysaccharide that stores glucose in animals.

Cellulose?

An abundant polysaccharide on earth that helps make up the tough outer wall in plant cells.

What is chitin?

Chitin is a structural polysaccharide that is used by insects and crustaceans to build exoskeletons.

What are lipids?

Lipids are a diverse group of molecules classified by a sole common trait, they do not mix well with water.

Hydrophopic?

Water-fearing.

Fat?

A large lipid made from two different kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids.

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

An unsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid with one or more double bonds.

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A saturated fatty acid is a fatty acid with no double bonds and thus has more hydrogen packed into it.

What are phospholipids?

Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes. Only two fatty acids are connected to the glycerol.

What are steroids?

Steroids are lipids with a carbon skeleton that has four fused rings. Steroids are made from cholesterol.

Cholesterol?

Cholesterol is common in an animal cell membrane, it is the precursor of making other steroids.

What is protein?

Protein is a polymer of small building blocks of amino acids.

Amino acids?

Are composed with an amino group and a carboxyl group.

What is a peptide bond?

It is a bond between two amino acids with water removed.

What is a polypeptide?

A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids.

What is a primary structure?

It is a precise structure of amino acids in a sequence.

What is a secondary structure?

It is segments that coil and fold into patterns.

What is a tertiary structure?

The tertiary structure is the three dimensional shape.

What is the quaternary structure?

It is proteins with one or more polypeptide chains.

What is a gene?

It is a unit of inheritance.

What is RNA

Ribonucleic Acid


It builds proteins out of intermediary nucleic acids.

What are nucleotides?

They are the monomers of nucleic acids.

What is a double helix?

A double helix is two polynucleotides that wrap around each other.

What are some properties of carbon?

It has four valence electrons


It can form four covalent bonds


It can be single, double, or triple bonded covalently with other atoms.

What determines function?

Shape.

What is a keytone group?

A keytone group is a carbonyl group in the center on the carbon skeleton.

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Short-term energy storage


Quick fuel


Structural polysaccharides.

Monomers of Carbohydrates?

glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Disaccharides of carbohydrates?

maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

Energy storing polysaccharides?

Starch -- Plant


Glycogen -- Animal

Structural polysaccharides?

Cellulose -- plant cell wall


Chitin -- fungal cell wall and exoskeleton of some arthropods.

What is the function of lipids?

Long-term energy storage


insulation


cushioning

Examples?

Fats (Animals)


Oils (plants)

What are two types of nucleic acids?

DNA & RNA

DNA is the molecule of ____________.

Heredity.

What are the nitrogenous bass for DNA

A T G C

RNA is _____________ stranded.

Single

What are the nitrogenous bases for RNA?

A U G C

How to make nucleotide?

5-C sugar


Nitrogenous base


phosphate group

ATP?

Energy currency of the cell. Needed for all cell work.