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141 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the difference between a DNA molecule and a RNA molecule.
RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine (DNA)
What does Ribonucleic (ATP) do?
Act as an energy transfer in many biochemical reactions.
In saturated fatty acids, the (A) chain has (B) bonds
A. Hydrocarbon
B. Only single carbon-to-carbon
Unsaturated fatty acids have at (A) carbon
least one double bonded
Phospholipids have (A) and one (B) phosphate attached to the (C)
A. Two Hydrophobic fatty acid
B. One Hydrophylic
C. Glycerol
What are two types of nucleic acid polymers?
RNA and DNA
DNA molecules of humans are ?
enormous polymers that encode hereditary information bound in nucleotides
What is a Starch
A polysaccharides of glucose. It's in plants
What is a Glycogen
A Plant Starch. It stores glucose in animal livers and muscles.
What is Cellulose
an organic compound that is the predominant component of plant cell walls.
What is special about cellulose?
They are much more stable, which makes an excellent structural material.
What is the final product of the glucose breakdown?
Carbon Dioxide. CO2
What are Hexose?
Six Carbon Sugars
What structural isomers do Hexose include?
Glucose, Fructose, Mannose, Ga lactose
What are pentose?
5 carbon Sugars
What are macromolecules?
Very large, organic chemicals, held together by covalent bonds
What are glycosidic linkages?
They are created by enzymes and are condensation reactions.
What creates glycosidic linkages?
Glucose
What is important about glysocidic linkages?
They can be Alpha or Beta
What are four major types of molecules?
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids and nucleic acids
What is the Avogadro number?
6.02 x 10to the 23
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxy ribonucleic Acid
Name an Isotope?
C14
What is a genome?
It is the sum of chromosomes in eukaryote genetic materials.
What is a ionic bond?
Elements that share transferred electrons.
What's an examples of a ionic bond?
NaCl
What are 3 organisms of life?
Bacteria, Eukaryote and Autotroph
Name the steps in the Scientific Method?
Observe, Deduct, Format Hypothesis, Experiment, conclude.
What are some unique properties of Water?
Water has high specific heat
Water has high heat of vaporization
Water has cohesive strength even thought it's a liquid.
What are the four major categories of Carbohydrates?
Mono saccharides, Di saccharides, Oligosaccharides (3-20), poly saccharides.
What do the cells in mono saccharides do?
Break down glucose to release energy.
How can life be defined?
As an organized genetic unit capable of metabolism, homeostasis, reproduction and evolution.
What is unicellular?
Single Cell that carries out all the functions of life.
What is multicellular?
Many cells that are specialized for different functions.
What is the basis of the cell theory?
A) Cells are the basic and physiological units of the all living organisms
B) Cells are both distinct entities and building blocks of more complex organism.
What are prokaryotic cells?
Single cells organisms that lived for 2 billion years, tiny packages of molecules enclosed in membranes.
What evolved from prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells
What is the two names that identify species?
Genus and Species name.
What is all matter composed of?
Atoms
What does all atoms consist of?
at least one protein and one electron
What are tissues organized into?
Organs
What are organ systems?
Organ functions that are interrelated.
Living organism org chart?
Population>Community>Ecosystem in a given area.
What's up with all organisms on earth?
They are genetically related because they share a common ancestor.
What is metabolism?
sum of all chemical reactions that occur in cells.
What are organelles?
membrane bound compartments with specialized functions.
What is an Isotope?
Forms of an element with different # of neutrons.
What is Hydrophobic?
water fearing.
What are ions?
electronically charged particles-
What is non-polar?
type of covalent bond; share electrons equally.
What is the chemical formula for methane?
CH4
What does a sequence of nucleotides contain?
genetic information
What is valence?
The outermost shell of an atom which determines how it will react with other atoms.
What are the nucleotides for DNA?
guanine, cytosine, thymine, adenine
Where does a mutation occur?
occurs in nucleotide sequence
What are specialized cells?
They are evolved multicelluar organisms that carry out specific functions.
What are specialized cells organized into?
organized tissues.
What is the rule of eight?
eight electrons in the outer most shell of an atom which helps an atom become more stable.
What kind of bond consist of shared electrons?
covalent bonds
What is the element symbol of:
A) Sodium
B) Potassium
A) Na
B) K
What is the chemical formula for:
A) Ammonia
NH 4
What does a lower Ph mean?
A lower Ph means a higher concentrations of Hydrogen.
What is denaturation?
Loss of a proteins normal structure due to changes in temerature and PH a well as high concentration of poloar substances.
What are carbohydrates?
carbon molcules w/ hydrogen and hydroxyl groups.
What is a genome?
the full DNA sequence.
What does the secondary structure of a protein require?
hydrogen bonding
What are two common secondary structures and their details (of a protein)?
the alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet
How is the tertiary structure of a protein formed?
by bonding and folding
How are the quaternary structure of a protein formed?
by hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds.
What is a polypeptide?
A single chain of amino acids.
How is the bond of a polypeptide?
The are bonded covalently
What are proteins also called?
Polypeptides
What is the primary structure of a protein?
it's amino acid sequence
what are the levels of a protein?
primary, secondary and tertiary
What is a biochemical unity?
Organism obtains macromolecules by eating other organisms
How are polymers formed?
in a condensation process
How are monomers formed?
by a covalent bond
What is Hydrolysis?
when polymers are broken into monomers by water
What are 7 roles of proteins?
structural support, protection, catalysis, transport, defense regulation, movement.
What charge is a Cation?
Positive
Name the function groups and their set up?
1.Hydroxyl OH
2. Carboxyl COOH
3. Keytones C=O
4. Aldehyde C=OH
5. Amino NH2 or NH3
6. Sulphohydryl SH
7. Phosphate PO3 or PO4
Polymers are formed in (A) reactions
Condensations
What does H-C-OH represent?
A carbohydrate molecule
What are fats and oils considered?
Triglycerides
What are the Nitrogenous bases in DNA/RNA?
G&C, T&A
G&C, U&A
What is the attraction of water in a phospolipid?
HEAD (Hydrophylic) and Tail (Hydrophobic)
What is storage of glucose in animals called?
Glycogen
Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structure are called?
Isomers
What are 4 molecules in a living organism
Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates and nucleic acids.
What are the two basic types of microscopes?
Light microscopes and Electron Microscopes.
What is a plasma membrane?
A continuous membrane that surrounds the fluids and other structures of a cell.
What is a plasma membrane composed of?
a lipid bilayer with proteins floating within it and protruding from it.
What does a plasma membrane act as?
A selectively permeable barrier.
Cells are either (A) or (B) types of cells?
Prokaryotic or eukaryotic
What are two types of of Prokaryotic cells?
Bacteria and Archaea
What do Prokaryotic cells lack?
a nucleus or other membrane-bounded compartments.
What do Eukaryote usually have?
A membrane-bounded nucleus and usually have other membrane bounded compartments of organelles.
What are two features of a Prokaryotic cell
1. They have a region called the nucleoid where the DNA is concentrated.
2. The Cytoplasm
What is Cytoplasm?
the plasma membrane enclosed region
What do some Porkaryotic cells carry on in the internal membrane?
Photosynthesis
What are flagella?
They are a prokaryote. This is a locomotory structure that is shaped like a corkscrew. They move the cell.
What is pili?
It's something some bacteria have. It helps some bacteria adhere to one another.
What is a cyctolskeleton?
They play a role in maintaing the cell's shape.
What are the subunits of a Eukaryotic cell?
They are called organelles
What's packed in the Golgi apparatus (Eukaryotic)?
Proteins.
What's the largest organelle in a cell?
The nucleus
What is a nucleolus?
It's within the nucleus, a non-membrane bounded compartment where ribsomes are assembled.
What are ribosomes?
The site of protein synthesis.
What does Chromatin consist of ?
Very long, thin fibers in which DNA is bound to proteins.
What system is a group of interrelated organelles?
The endomembrane system
What two components is the endomembrane system composed of?
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
A network of interconnection membranes distributed throughout the cytoplasm.
What is found in the ER?
Most of the membrane of a cell.
What attached to the RER?
Ribosomes
What is the SER free of?
Ribosomes.
What happens in the SER?
synthesis and hydrolysis of glycogen
What are the roles of the Golgi apparatus?
1. Receives and modifies proteins from the ER.
2. Concentrates and packages proteins before they are sent off to their final destination.
What are Lysosomes?
Organelles that come in part from the Golgi and the site where digestion of spent cellular components occur
What is the process called phagocytosis?
It's when food and foreign objects are brought into the cytoplasm
What is autophagy?
process of digestion of spent cellular components occur
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
To convert the potential energy of fuel molecules into a form that the cell can use.
What is Cellular respiration?
It's when mitochondria use simple energy molecules and oxygen to generate ATP from ADP
What is chloroplast?
site of photosynthesis in plants.
What is the stroma?
Is in a plant and is the fluid-filled are of the inner membrane where the membrane-bounded thylakoids reside.
What are Leucoplast?
A specialized storage of starch and fats.
What are peroxisomes?
Small organelles that are specialized to compartmentalize toxic peroxides that are unavoidable by products of cellular break downs.
What are Glyoxysomes?
They are small organelles similar to peroxisomes but are found only in plants.
Where are vacuoles found?
They are found in plants and are surrounded by membranes. They are filled with a aqueous solution.
What are the functions of a vacuoles? 4 things
A) Store waste
B) Help maintain the plant structure.
C) Reproduction
D) Digestion
What does the cytoskeleton do?
Supports and maintains the cells shape.
What are three major types of cytoskeletal components?
1) Microfilaments
2) intermediate filaments
3) Microtubules
What are microfilaments needed for in the cytoskeleton?
For cell contraction (muscle cells)
What do Intermediate filaments do in the cytoskeleton?
Stabilize the cell structure and resist tension.
What do microtubules do in the cytoskeleton?
They function ass tracks that motor proteins can move the cell along.
What are two examples of microtubules that appear in the cytoskeleton?
Cilia and flagella.
What is dynein?
A motor protein that drives cross-linked microtubule pairs past each other. This results in the bending movement of cilia and flagella.
What is the opposite of dynein and why?
Kinesin. It moves the microtubules towar the plus end.
What is plasmodesmata?
It's a extracellular structure that is a plasma membrane lined channel. connects adjacent plant cells.
What is important about multicellular animals?
They lack semirigid cell walls but many have an extracellular matrix composed if fibrous proteins.
What is collagen
The extracellular matrix of fibrous proteins found in animals.
What theory suggest how eukaryotes evolved?
Endosymbiosis.