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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the difference between a DNA molecule and a RNA molecule.
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RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine (DNA)
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What does Ribonucleic (ATP) do?
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Act as an energy transfer in many biochemical reactions.
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In saturated fatty acids, the (A) chain has (B) bonds
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A. Hydrocarbon
B. Only single carbon-to-carbon |
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Unsaturated fatty acids have at (A) carbon
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least one double bonded
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Phospholipids have (A) and one (B) phosphate attached to the (C)
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A. Two Hydrophobic fatty acid
B. One Hydrophylic C. Glycerol |
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What are two types of nucleic acid polymers?
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RNA and DNA
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DNA molecules of humans are ?
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enormous polymers that encode hereditary information bound in nucleotides
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What is a Starch
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A polysaccharides of glucose. It's in plants
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What is a Glycogen
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A Plant Starch. It stores glucose in animal livers and muscles.
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What is Cellulose
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an organic compound that is the predominant component of plant cell walls.
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What is special about cellulose?
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They are much more stable, which makes an excellent structural material.
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What is the final product of the glucose breakdown?
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Carbon Dioxide. CO2
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What are Hexose?
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Six Carbon Sugars
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What structural isomers do Hexose include?
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Glucose, Fructose, Mannose, Ga lactose
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What are pentose?
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5 carbon Sugars
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What are macromolecules?
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Very large, organic chemicals, held together by covalent bonds
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What are glycosidic linkages?
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They are created by enzymes and are condensation reactions.
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What creates glycosidic linkages?
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Glucose
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What is important about glysocidic linkages?
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They can be Alpha or Beta
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What are four major types of molecules?
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Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids and nucleic acids
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What is the Avogadro number?
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6.02 x 10to the 23
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What does DNA stand for?
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Deoxy ribonucleic Acid
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Name an Isotope?
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C14
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What is a genome?
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It is the sum of chromosomes in eukaryote genetic materials.
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What is a ionic bond?
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Elements that share transferred electrons.
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What's an examples of a ionic bond?
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NaCl
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What are 3 organisms of life?
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Bacteria, Eukaryote and Autotroph
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Name the steps in the Scientific Method?
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Observe, Deduct, Format Hypothesis, Experiment, conclude.
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What are some unique properties of Water?
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Water has high specific heat
Water has high heat of vaporization Water has cohesive strength even thought it's a liquid. |
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What are the four major categories of Carbohydrates?
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Mono saccharides, Di saccharides, Oligosaccharides (3-20), poly saccharides.
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What do the cells in mono saccharides do?
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Break down glucose to release energy.
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How can life be defined?
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As an organized genetic unit capable of metabolism, homeostasis, reproduction and evolution.
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What is unicellular?
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Single Cell that carries out all the functions of life.
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What is multicellular?
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Many cells that are specialized for different functions.
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What is the basis of the cell theory?
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A) Cells are the basic and physiological units of the all living organisms
B) Cells are both distinct entities and building blocks of more complex organism. |
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What are prokaryotic cells?
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Single cells organisms that lived for 2 billion years, tiny packages of molecules enclosed in membranes.
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What evolved from prokaryotic cells?
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Eukaryotic cells
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What is the two names that identify species?
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Genus and Species name.
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What is all matter composed of?
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Atoms
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What does all atoms consist of?
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at least one protein and one electron
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What are tissues organized into?
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Organs
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What are organ systems?
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Organ functions that are interrelated.
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Living organism org chart?
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Population>Community>Ecosystem in a given area.
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What's up with all organisms on earth?
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They are genetically related because they share a common ancestor.
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What is metabolism?
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sum of all chemical reactions that occur in cells.
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What are organelles?
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membrane bound compartments with specialized functions.
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What is an Isotope?
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Forms of an element with different # of neutrons.
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What is Hydrophobic?
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water fearing.
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What are ions?
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electronically charged particles-
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What is non-polar?
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type of covalent bond; share electrons equally.
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What is the chemical formula for methane?
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CH4
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What does a sequence of nucleotides contain?
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genetic information
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What is valence?
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The outermost shell of an atom which determines how it will react with other atoms.
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What are the nucleotides for DNA?
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guanine, cytosine, thymine, adenine
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Where does a mutation occur?
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occurs in nucleotide sequence
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What are specialized cells?
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They are evolved multicelluar organisms that carry out specific functions.
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What are specialized cells organized into?
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organized tissues.
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What is the rule of eight?
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eight electrons in the outer most shell of an atom which helps an atom become more stable.
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What kind of bond consist of shared electrons?
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covalent bonds
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What is the element symbol of:
A) Sodium B) Potassium |
A) Na
B) K |
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What is the chemical formula for:
A) Ammonia |
NH 4
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What does a lower Ph mean?
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A lower Ph means a higher concentrations of Hydrogen.
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What is denaturation?
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Loss of a proteins normal structure due to changes in temerature and PH a well as high concentration of poloar substances.
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What are carbohydrates?
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carbon molcules w/ hydrogen and hydroxyl groups.
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What is a genome?
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the full DNA sequence.
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What does the secondary structure of a protein require?
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hydrogen bonding
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What are two common secondary structures and their details (of a protein)?
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the alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet
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How is the tertiary structure of a protein formed?
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by bonding and folding
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How are the quaternary structure of a protein formed?
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by hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds.
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What is a polypeptide?
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A single chain of amino acids.
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How is the bond of a polypeptide?
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The are bonded covalently
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What are proteins also called?
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Polypeptides
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What is the primary structure of a protein?
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it's amino acid sequence
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what are the levels of a protein?
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primary, secondary and tertiary
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What is a biochemical unity?
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Organism obtains macromolecules by eating other organisms
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How are polymers formed?
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in a condensation process
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How are monomers formed?
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by a covalent bond
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What is Hydrolysis?
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when polymers are broken into monomers by water
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What are 7 roles of proteins?
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structural support, protection, catalysis, transport, defense regulation, movement.
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What charge is a Cation?
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Positive
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Name the function groups and their set up?
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1.Hydroxyl OH
2. Carboxyl COOH 3. Keytones C=O 4. Aldehyde C=OH 5. Amino NH2 or NH3 6. Sulphohydryl SH 7. Phosphate PO3 or PO4 |
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Polymers are formed in (A) reactions
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Condensations
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What does H-C-OH represent?
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A carbohydrate molecule
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What are fats and oils considered?
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Triglycerides
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What are the Nitrogenous bases in DNA/RNA?
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G&C, T&A
G&C, U&A |
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What is the attraction of water in a phospolipid?
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HEAD (Hydrophylic) and Tail (Hydrophobic)
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What is storage of glucose in animals called?
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Glycogen
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Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structure are called?
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Isomers
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What are 4 molecules in a living organism
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Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates and nucleic acids.
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What are the two basic types of microscopes?
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Light microscopes and Electron Microscopes.
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What is a plasma membrane?
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A continuous membrane that surrounds the fluids and other structures of a cell.
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What is a plasma membrane composed of?
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a lipid bilayer with proteins floating within it and protruding from it.
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What does a plasma membrane act as?
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A selectively permeable barrier.
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Cells are either (A) or (B) types of cells?
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Prokaryotic or eukaryotic
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What are two types of of Prokaryotic cells?
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Bacteria and Archaea
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What do Prokaryotic cells lack?
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a nucleus or other membrane-bounded compartments.
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What do Eukaryote usually have?
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A membrane-bounded nucleus and usually have other membrane bounded compartments of organelles.
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What are two features of a Prokaryotic cell
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1. They have a region called the nucleoid where the DNA is concentrated.
2. The Cytoplasm |
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What is Cytoplasm?
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the plasma membrane enclosed region
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What do some Porkaryotic cells carry on in the internal membrane?
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Photosynthesis
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What are flagella?
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They are a prokaryote. This is a locomotory structure that is shaped like a corkscrew. They move the cell.
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What is pili?
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It's something some bacteria have. It helps some bacteria adhere to one another.
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What is a cyctolskeleton?
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They play a role in maintaing the cell's shape.
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What are the subunits of a Eukaryotic cell?
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They are called organelles
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What's packed in the Golgi apparatus (Eukaryotic)?
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Proteins.
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What's the largest organelle in a cell?
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The nucleus
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What is a nucleolus?
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It's within the nucleus, a non-membrane bounded compartment where ribsomes are assembled.
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What are ribosomes?
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The site of protein synthesis.
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What does Chromatin consist of ?
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Very long, thin fibers in which DNA is bound to proteins.
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What system is a group of interrelated organelles?
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The endomembrane system
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What two components is the endomembrane system composed of?
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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus.
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What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
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A network of interconnection membranes distributed throughout the cytoplasm.
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What is found in the ER?
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Most of the membrane of a cell.
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What attached to the RER?
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Ribosomes
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What is the SER free of?
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Ribosomes.
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What happens in the SER?
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synthesis and hydrolysis of glycogen
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What are the roles of the Golgi apparatus?
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1. Receives and modifies proteins from the ER.
2. Concentrates and packages proteins before they are sent off to their final destination. |
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What are Lysosomes?
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Organelles that come in part from the Golgi and the site where digestion of spent cellular components occur
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What is the process called phagocytosis?
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It's when food and foreign objects are brought into the cytoplasm
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What is autophagy?
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process of digestion of spent cellular components occur
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What is the primary function of mitochondria?
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To convert the potential energy of fuel molecules into a form that the cell can use.
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What is Cellular respiration?
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It's when mitochondria use simple energy molecules and oxygen to generate ATP from ADP
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What is chloroplast?
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site of photosynthesis in plants.
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What is the stroma?
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Is in a plant and is the fluid-filled are of the inner membrane where the membrane-bounded thylakoids reside.
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What are Leucoplast?
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A specialized storage of starch and fats.
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What are peroxisomes?
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Small organelles that are specialized to compartmentalize toxic peroxides that are unavoidable by products of cellular break downs.
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What are Glyoxysomes?
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They are small organelles similar to peroxisomes but are found only in plants.
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Where are vacuoles found?
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They are found in plants and are surrounded by membranes. They are filled with a aqueous solution.
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What are the functions of a vacuoles? 4 things
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A) Store waste
B) Help maintain the plant structure. C) Reproduction D) Digestion |
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What does the cytoskeleton do?
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Supports and maintains the cells shape.
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What are three major types of cytoskeletal components?
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1) Microfilaments
2) intermediate filaments 3) Microtubules |
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What are microfilaments needed for in the cytoskeleton?
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For cell contraction (muscle cells)
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What do Intermediate filaments do in the cytoskeleton?
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Stabilize the cell structure and resist tension.
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What do microtubules do in the cytoskeleton?
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They function ass tracks that motor proteins can move the cell along.
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What are two examples of microtubules that appear in the cytoskeleton?
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Cilia and flagella.
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What is dynein?
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A motor protein that drives cross-linked microtubule pairs past each other. This results in the bending movement of cilia and flagella.
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What is the opposite of dynein and why?
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Kinesin. It moves the microtubules towar the plus end.
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What is plasmodesmata?
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It's a extracellular structure that is a plasma membrane lined channel. connects adjacent plant cells.
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What is important about multicellular animals?
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They lack semirigid cell walls but many have an extracellular matrix composed if fibrous proteins.
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What is collagen
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The extracellular matrix of fibrous proteins found in animals.
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What theory suggest how eukaryotes evolved?
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Endosymbiosis.
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