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45 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
pleiotropy - define and give a human example
positive or negative effects that a single gene can have on 2 or more trait
Example - Marfan syndrome
polygenic traits - define and give examples
traits affected by interaction of several genes and even environmental factors
Example - hair color, skin color, eye color, height
Himalayan rabbit - effect of temperature on fur color
enzyme in fur only active when temp is below 91 degrees F - if warmer, can't make melanin - leading to lighter fur - so extremities lose heat fastest and therefore have dark fur
Codominance
when two alleles are both expressed - example A allele and B allele give AB blood type
Incomplete dominance
when heterozygotes show mixture of traits - eg red and white snapdragon give pink flowers
multiple alleles
3 or more alleles for a trait - eg A, B and O
Blood typing
A - IaIA or Iai 39%
B - IbIB or Ibi 12%
AB - IAIB 4%
O - ii 45%
Universal donor
O-
Universal recipient
AB+
Antigens (agglutinogens)
blood proteins on red blood cell membranes
Antibodies (agglutinin)
made by WBC, against proteins in blood plasma, bind to foreign substances and destroy them - helps fight infection
Eg - type B blood makes anti-A anbibodies
Rh factor
another blood proteins - 85% of population is positive for Rhesus factor
Which types can each blood type give blood to and get blood from
A - give to A, AB, get from O, A
B - give to B, AB, get from O, B
AB - get from everyone, give to AB
O - get from O - give to all
Blood
5 L, 7-8 % body weight
functions - carry nutrients and oxygen to cells, carry CO2 and other wastes away from cells, help defend body against disease
Composition of blood
Plasma
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
white blood cells (leukocytes)
platelets
dihybrid cross
cross involving two traits (eg. height and color)
Theory of independent assortment
alleles for 1 trait sort independently of alleles for another trait
eg. hgt and pod color in pea plants
Punnett Square
Box diagram with alleles from 1 parent across the top and alleles from the other parent on the side.
Genetics
study of heredity
Heredity
passing on of traits from parents to offspring
Gregor Mendel
Mid 1800's
monk
disproved "blending" theory
called genes "factors"
self-pollination
male and femal on one plant - pollen to stigma of same plant
cross-pollination
2 plants - pollen from 1 plant to stigma of another
anther
part of male reproductive organ - makes pollen
stigma
tip of female reproductive organ - leads to egg
chracteristics of pea plants
round or wrinkled, tall or short, green or yellow (pod?), purple or white flower
gene
segment of DAN that codes for a specific trait - found at a specific location called a locus
allele
different forms of some gene -
Dominant allele
expressed as capital letter - always expressed - eg T (tall)
Recessive allele
hidden in presence of dominant eg t (short)
Homozygous
purebred - 2 of same allele - example TT
Heterozygous
2 different alleles - eg Tt
phenotype
physical appearance - eg eye color
genotype
letters of genetic makeup - eg Tt
P generation
parental generation - members of original cross
F1 generation
first generation of offspring of P
F2 generation
2nd generation - offspring of offspring
monohybrid cross
cross involving one trait
dihybrid cross
cross involving 2 traits
probability
branch of math that predicts chances that a certain event willl occur
Theory of segregation
onely one of the two allels for a trait go into creating each gamete (in meiosis) - segregate as units
testcross
cross to determine genotype of unknown - always cross with homozygous recessive
diploid
pairs of chromosomes - 2n
mutation
alters a gene's molecular structure and message traits
epistasis
examples - fur color in Labrador retrievers, comb shape in poultry