Biology Chapter 9 Freeman 4Th Edition

Front 1

_____ is all the chemical reactions that occur in living cells

Back 1

metabolism

Front 2

when ATP reacts with water during a hydrolysis reaction, the bond between ATP's outermost phosphate group and its neighbor is broken, resulting in the formation of ___

Back 2

ADP (ATP with one less phosphate group)

Front 3

the reaction of ATP with water in a hydrolysis reaction, forming ADP, is highly ____, releasing energy

Back 3

exergonic

Front 4

____ reactions require an input of energy

Back 4

endergonic

Front 5

a ______ of energy raises the temp of 1g of water 1ºC

Back 5

kilocalorie

Front 6

under standard conditions, a total of 7.3____ of energy per mole of ATP is released during the ATP/hydrolysis reaction

Back 6

kilocalories

Front 7

the addition of a phosphate group to a substrate is called _____

Back 7

phosphorylation

Front 8

phosphorylation of proteins is exergonic/endergonic?

Back 8

exergonic because the electrons in ADP and the phosphate group have much less potential energy than they did in ATP

Front 9

____ reactions involve the loss or gain of one or more electrons

Back 9

reduction-oxidation reaction, or redox reactions
the atom that loses electrons is oxidized, the atom that gains electrons is reduced

Front 10

LEO the lion goes GER means what?

Back 10

Loss of Electrons is Oxidation
Gain of Electrons is Reduction

Front 11

a reactant that acts as an electron donor is always associated with a reactant that acts as an electron _____

Back 11

electron donors are always paired with electron acceptors

Front 12

during a ____ reaction, an electron can be transferred completely from one atom to another, or an electron can simply shift its position in a covalent bond

Back 12

redox reaction

Front 13

when something is reduced, it gains/loses electrons?

Back 13

gains

Front 14

in many redox reactions, reduction means adding what atoms? and oxidation means removing what atoms?

Back 14

hydrogen atoms

Front 15

electron carriers, such as NADH, are said to have ____ power.
why?

Back 15

reducing power. because electron carriers like NADH readily donate electrons

Front 16

why is ATP unstable and not stored in the cell?

Back 16

because it has such high potential energy

Front 17

which is more efficient? cellular respiration or fermentation

Back 17

cellular respiration is much more efficient and is the primary source of ATP

Front 18

what are the four steps of cellular respiration?

Back 18

1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate processing
3. citric acid cycle
4. electron transport and chemiosmosis

Front 19

_______ is defined as any suite of reactions that produces ATP in an electron transport chain

Back 19

cellular respiration

Front 20

1. glycolysis- what goes in? what comes out?

Back 20

in- glucose
out- NADH, and ATP

Front 21

2. Pyruvate processing- what goes in, and what comes out?

Back 21

in- pyruvate (two for every glucose)
out- NADH and CO2

Front 22

3. Citric acid cycle- what goes in, and what comes out?

Back 22

in- acetyl CoA
out- NADH, FADH2, ATP

Front 23

4. Electron transport chain- what goes in, and what comes out?

Back 23

in- NADH, FADH2, O2.
Out- ATP, H2O

Front 24

all 10 reactions of glycolysis occur in the ______

Back 24

cytosol

Front 25

in glycolysis, ____ ATP are used up before any are produced

Back 25

two ATP are used to start glycolysis

Front 26

what glycolytic enzyme is inhibited by high levels of ATP, stopping glycolysis?

Back 26

phosphofructokinase

Front 27

pyruvate reacts with coenzyme A (CoA) and produces_______

Back 27

acetyl CoA

Front 28

in what complex does pyruvate react with CoA to produce acetyl CoA?

Back 28

pyruvate dehydrogenase, in the mitochondrial matrix

Front 29

in eukaryotes, the pyruvate produced by glycolysis is transported from the cytosol to the ______

Back 29

mitochondria

Front 30

pyruvate processing is under both ___ and ___ control. large supplies of products inhibit the enzyme complex. large supplies of reactants and low supplies of products stimulate it.

Back 30

under positive and negative control

Front 31

pyruvate processing starts with pyruvate and ends with ___, and releases ____

Back 31

ends with acetyl CoA, and releases CO2

Front 32

the citric acid cycle oxidizes ____ to ____

Back 32

acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2

Front 33

in eukaryotes, most of the enzymes responsible for the citric acid cycle are located in the _______

Back 33

mitochondrial matrix

Front 34

acetyl CoA goes into the citric acid cycle, and _____, _____, ____, and ____ come out

Back 34

CO2, NADH, FADH2, and GTP

Front 35

what are the four products of the citric acid cycle?

Back 35

CO2, NADH, FADH2 AND GTP

Front 36

the citric acid cycle is regulated by _______

Back 36

feedback inhibition - it slows down when ATP and NADH are plentiful

Front 37

which is associated with larger changes in free energy? production of ATP, or production of NADH and FADH2?

Back 37

production of NADH and FADH2 have larger changes in free energy

Front 38

glycolysis, pyruvate processing, and the citric acid cycle transfer electrons from glucose to NAD⁺ and FAD, creating ____ and ____

Back 38

NADH and FADH₂

Front 39

NADH and FADH₂ carry electrons to ____, which serves as the final electron acceptor

Back 39

oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor

Front 40

the molecules responsible for the oxidation of NADH and FADH₂ are designated the __________

Back 40

electron transport chain

Front 41

as electrons are passed from one protein to another in the ETC, the energy released by the redox reactions is used to _____

Back 41

pump protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Front 42

what gradient does the ETC establish?

Back 42

a proton gradient

Front 43

after the proton gradient is established, a stream of protons through the enzyme ______ drives the production of ATP from ADP and Pᵢ

Back 43

ATP synthase

Front 44

once the electrons at the bottom of the ETC are accepted by ___ to form water, the oxidation of ___ is complete

Back 44

accepted by oxygen to form water, the oxidation of glucose is complete

Front 45

the production of ATP via a proton gradient is called _______

Back 45

chemiosmosis

Front 46

most ATP is produced by a flow of ____

Back 46

protons

Front 47

the complex consisting of the F₀ unit and the spinning F₁ unit is called ____

Back 47

ATP synthase

Front 48

what is the maximum yield of ATP per molecule of glucose?

Back 48

29 ATP

Front 49

the vast majority of the "payoff" from the oxidation of glucose occurs via ______, which produces 25 of the 29 ATP per molecule of glucose

Back 49

oxidative phosphorylation

Front 50

cells that do not use oxygen as an electron acceptor cannot generate as large of a potential energy difference as those that do use oxygen. as a result, they make more/less ATP?

Back 50

less ATP

Front 51

____ is a metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD⁺ from stockpiles of NADH. It allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP in the absence of the electron acceptor required by the ETC.

Back 51

fermentation

Front 52

does fermentation use an ETC? why/why not?

Back 52

no, because there is no electron acceptor present

Front 53

____ forms a product molecule called lactate and regenerates NAD⁺

Back 53

lactic acid fermentation

Front 54

what type of fermentation reaction metabolizes sugar, giving off carbon dioxide to cause bread to rise and carbonate beer?

Back 54

alcohol fermenation

Front 55

____ that exist solely through fermentation are present in high numbers in the oxygen free environment of your small intestine

Back 55

bacteria

Front 56

fermentation produces __ molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose metabolized

Back 56

2 ATP

Front 57

why does fermentation produce 15 times less ATP than aerobic respiration?

Back 57

because oxygen has much higher electronegativity than electron acceptors used in fermentation, such as pyruvate

Front 58

organisms that can switch between fermentation and cellular respiration that uses oxygen as an electron acceptor are celled ____

Back 58

facultative aerobes
aerobes refers to using oxygen, while facultative reflects the ability to use either cellular respiration or fermentation

Front 59

cells have two fundamental requirements; ___ and ___

Back 59

energy and carbon

Front 60

why do cells need a source of high energy electrons?

Back 60

to generate energy in the form of ATP

Front 61

why do cells need carbon?

Back 61

to synthesize DNA, RNA, proteins, fatty acids, and other molecules

Front 62

reactions that break down molecules and produce ATP are called ____

Back 62

catabolic pathways

Front 63

reactions that synthesize larger molecules from smaller components are called ____ pathways

Back 63

anabolic pathways

Front 64

when carbohydrates, fats and proteins are all available in the cell to generate ATP via catabolic pathways, in what order are they used?

Back 64

1. carbohydrates 2. fats 3. proteins

Front 65

excess glucose is converted to ___ and stored

Back 65

glycogen