Biology Chapter 9 - Cell Respiration

Front 1

Cell respiration

Back 1

The chemical reactions that occur within a cell to produce energy.

Front 2

Arobic Respiration

Back 2

When the final acceptor is a Water molecule (O2)

Front 3

Anaerobic Respiration

Back 3

When the final acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than water.

Front 4

Fermentation

Back 4

When the final acceptor is an organic molecule.

Front 5

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Back 5

Is the main fuel source of the cell.
Consists of 1. Ribose 2. Adenine 3. Triphosphate group

Front 6

ATP synthase

Back 6

A transmembrane protein that produces ATP when protons pass thru it.

Front 7

Substrate Level Phosporylation

Back 7

When a molecule that contains a high-energy phospate bond transfers the phosphate group to ADP(diphosphate) and it becomes ATP (triphosphate)

Front 8

Define Glycolysis

Back 8

The first stage of cell respiration. This is the process in which a molecule of glucose yields energy.

Front 9

Section 1; Priming (Glycolysis).

Back 9

A phosphate group from two ATP molecules is added to the six-carbon glucose molecule, creating a 6-carbon molecule with two phosphate groups.

Front 10

Section 2; Cleavage (Glycolysis).

Back 10

The 6-carbon molecule with two phosphates is divided, yielding two three(3)-carbon molecules with one phosphate group each.

Front 11

Section 3; Harvesting Energy Reactions (Glycolysis).

Back 11

The two three(3)-carbon molecules with the phosphate group are converted into pyruvate. This reduces NAD to NADH and produces two molecules of ATP per each molecule converted to pyruvate. Creating 4 ATP molecules but netting 2.

Front 12

Where does Glycolysis Happen?

Back 12

The enzymes that catalyze the glycolysis reactions are in the cytoplasm of the cell, not bound to any membranes or organelles.

Front 13

Pyruvate Oxidation

Back 13

The second stage of Cellular respiration. Each of the two Pyruvate molecules resulting from glycolysis are converted into carbon dioxide and a two-carbon molecule called Acetyl-CoA. For every pyruvate converted one molecule of NAD is reduced to NADH.

Front 14

Define the Krebs Cycle.

Back 14

The Krebs cycle is the process in which Acetyl-CoA the product from pyruvate oxidation, is put through a series of oxidations yielding ATP molecules and energy to reduce NAD and FADH.

Front 15

Section 1; Krebs Cycle.

Back 15

The krebs cycle begins when a two-carbon fragment from Acetyl-CoA is transfered to a four-carbon molecule.

Front 16

Section 2; Krebs Cycle.

Back 16

The resulting 6 carbon molecule is oxidized and decarboxylated, therefore yielding a carbon molecule to form CO2 and reducing NAD to NADH. This process happens twice, and a coupled reaction generates ATP.

Front 17

Section 3; Krebs Cycle.

Back 17

Finally the resulting 4-carbon molecule is further oxidized and reduces FADH to FADH2 and NAD to
NADH.

Front 18

Result of Glycolysis.

Back 18

4 ATP molecules.
12 Electron Carriers (10 NADH and 2 FADH2).

Front 19

Define Electron Transport Chain.

Back 19

The Fourth stage of cellular respiration. This is the process in which the NADH and FADH molecules carry electrons to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where they transfer the electrons to a series of membrane proteins collectively called the electron transport chain.

Front 20

Explain the electron transport chain process.

Back 20

(a)The NADH molecule releases the electrons at the NAD drhydrogenase enzyme,(b)then a carrier called ubiquinone passes the electrons to the bc1 complex,(c)then the electrons are carried by the carrier cytochrome c to the cytochrome oxidase complex. This complex (cytochrome oxidase) uses four electrons to reduce a molecule of oxygen which then combines with two hydrogen ions to form water. These complex operate as proton pumps, driving a proton out across the membranes.

FADH2 which is always in the inner mitochondrial membrane, feeds its electrons to the carrier ubiquinone.

Front 21

In order; What is involved in the Eletron Transport chain.

Back 21

1. NADH hydrogenase.
2. carrier ubiquinone.
3. bc1 complex
4. carrier cytochrome
4. cytochrome oxidase complex.

Front 22

Define Chemiosmosis.

Back 22

The process in which the entry of protons that were pumped out by the electron transport chain,
activate the ATP Synthase which results in ATP.

Front 23

Results?

Back 23

Theoretically 36 molecules of ATP are yielded.

Actually 30 are created.

Front 24

How is aerobic respiration regulated?

Back 24

Relative levels of ADP and ATP regulate the catabolism of glucose at two key reactions.

1.phosphofructokinase (glycolysis).
2. Citrate synthase (krebs cycle).

Front 25

Define Fermentation

Back 25

When the results from the glycolytic breakdown of glucose are donated to oganic molecules.

1. Ethanol fermentation.
2. Lactic acid fermentation.

Front 26

How are proteins catabolized?

Back 26

Proteins are used by deaminatin their aminoacids and then caabolizing the product.

Front 27

How are fats catabolized?

Back 27

Fats are utilized by beta-oxidation.