Biology Chapter 8 Freeman 4Th Edition

Front 1

the direct linkage between the cytoskeleton and the ___ is critical to keeping cells in place, and helping adjacent cells adhere to each other

Back 1

ECM extracellular matrix

Front 2

___ are groups of cells that perform a similar function

Back 2

tissues

Front 3

_____ are cell to cell attachments common in animal epithelial cells and certain muscle cells

Back 3

desmosomes

Front 4

____ seal cells together in a quilting pattern

Back 4

tight junction

Front 5

___ act as channels between cells

Back 5

membrane proteins in gap junctions

Front 6

___ connect the cytoskeletons of cells

Back 6

desmosomes

Front 7

____ are information carrying molecules that are secreted from a cell and act on target cells far from the original cell that sent the signal

Back 7

hormones

Front 8

the presence of an appropriate ___ dictates which cells will respond to a particular hormone

Back 8

receptor

Front 9

a ___ ____ is a protein that changes its shape and activity after binding to a signal molecule

Back 9

signal receptor

Front 10

the majority of signal receptors are located in the _____ _____

Back 10

plasma membrane

Front 11

______ convers an extracellular signal to an intracellular signal

Back 11

signal transduction

Front 12

hormones are present in minuscule concentrations but trigger a large response from cells. how is this possible?

Back 12

through signal amplification

Front 13

______ signals are processed directly

Back 13

lipid soluble signals

Front 14

_____ signals require transduction

Back 14

lipid insoluble signals

Front 15

second messengers are/are not restricted to a single role or cell type?

Back 15

are not restricted

Front 16

when __ are activated by a signal receptor, they trigger the key step in signal transduction: the production of a messenger inside the cell. they link the receipt of an extracellular signal to the production of an intracellular signal

Back 16

G-proteins

Front 17

what are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)?

Back 17

enzyme linked receptors

Front 18

instead of activating a G-protein, _____ transduce the signal from a hormone by directly catalyzing a reaction inside the cell

Back 18

enzyme linked receptors

Front 19

once phosphorylated, ___ becomes an active enzyme

Back 19

RTK

Front 20

proteins in the cell form a bridge between the activated RTK and a peripheral membrane protein called ___, which functions like a G-protein

Back 20

Ras

Front 21

when Ras is activated, it triggers the ______ and activation of another protein

Back 21

phosphorylation

Front 22

the sequence of phosphorylated proteins that occur after the activation of Ras by an enzyme linked receptor is called _____

Back 22

phosphorylation cascade

Front 23

both G-proteins and enzyme-linked receptors may cause phosphorylation cascades. true/false

Back 23

true

Front 24

second messengers or a phosphorylation cascade may do what?

Back 24

1. change the genes being expressed in the target cell
2. activate or deactivate a particular target protein

Front 25

______ systems trigger a rapid response and can be shut down quickly

Back 25

signal transduction systems

Front 26

cells with defective Ras may continue stimulating a phosphorylation cascade, and continue dividing, which may lead to the development of _____

Back 26

cancer

Front 27

_____ refer to interactions between signaling pathways

Back 27

cross-talk

Front 28

in bacteria, cell-cell communication is called____

Back 28

quorum sensing

Front 29

what are protein kinases?

Back 29

enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by adding a phosphate group to them