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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A major pathway of catabolism is?
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Cellular Respiration
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Catabolsim -Cellular Respiration
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In which the sugar glucose and other organic fuels are broken down in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide and water.
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Anabolic Pathways are sometime called what?
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Biosynthetic Pathways
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An example of anabolism is what?
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The synthesis of a protein from amino acids.
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Catabolic and Anabolic pathways are considered what?
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The "downhill" and "uphill" avenues of the metabolic map.
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Info on Catabolic and Anabolic:
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Energy released from the downhill reactions of catabolic pathways can be stored and then used to drive the uphill reactions of anabolic pathways.
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What is bioenergetics?
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The study of how energy flows through living organisms.
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What is energy?
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The capacity to cause change and has the ability to rearrange a collection of matter.
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Heat or Thermal Energy is?
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Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.
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What is also a type of energy that can be harnessed to perform work, such as powering photosynthesis in green plant?
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Light
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Examples of what processes energy:
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Water behind a dam because of its altitude above sea level.
Molecules because of the arrangement of their atoms. |
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What are high in chemical energy?
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Complex molecules, such as glucose.
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What happened during a catabolic reaction?
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Atoms are rearranged and energy is released, resulting in lower-energy breakdown products.
This transformation also occurs, for example, in the engine of a car when the hydrocarbons of gasoline react explosively with oxygen, releasing hte enrgy that pushes the pistons and producing exhaust. |
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What are produce as waste products?
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Carbon dioxide and water.
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What are energy transformers?
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Organisms
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How is energy converted from one form to another?
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A young man climbing tghe steps to the diving platform is releasing chemical energy from the food he ate for lunch and using some of that energy to perform the work of climbing. The kinetic energy of muscle movement is thus being transformed into potential energy due to his increasing height above water. The young man diving is converting his potential energy to kinectic energy, which is then transferred to the water as he enters it. A small amount of energy is lost as heat due to friction.
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What is thermodynamics?
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The study of the nergy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.
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The word "system" is refered to as what?
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To denote the matter under study.
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"Surroundings" is refer to as what?
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The rest of the universe - everything outside the system
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Isolated system:
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Unable to exchange either energy or matter with its surroundings.
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What happens in an "open system"
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Energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings.
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What are open systems?
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Organisms - They absorb energy for instance, light energy or chemical energy in the form of organic molecules.
They also release heae and metabolice wates products, such as carbon dioxide, to the surroundings. |
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What does the two lawas of thermodynamics does?
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Govern energy transformation in organisms and all other collections of matter.
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First law of thermodynamics:
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Energy of the universe is constant. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
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The first law is known as what?
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The principle of conservation of energy.
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If energy can't be destroyed, why can't organisms simply recycle their energy over and over again?
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Because during energy tranfer or transformation, some energy becomes unusable energy, unavailable to do work.
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When is the only time a "system" can put heat to work?
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When there is a temperature diffeence that results in heat flowing from a warmer location to a cooler one.
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If the temperature is uniform, as it is in a living cell, the the only use for heat energy generated during a chemical reaction is to do what?
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Warm a body of matter, such as the organism. (This can make a room crowded with people uncomfortably warm, as each person is carying out a multitude of chemical reactions.
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What is entropy?
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A measure of disorder; or randomness.
The more randomly arranged a collection of matter is, the greater its entropy. |
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Second law of thermodynamics:
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Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
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What happens in an "open system"
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Energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings.
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What are open systems?
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Organisms - They absorb energy for instance, light energy or chemical energy in the form of organic molecules.
They also release heae and metabolice wates products, such as carbon dioxide, to the surroundings. |
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What does the two lawas of thermodynamics does?
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Govern energy transformation in organisms and all other collections of matter.
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First law of thermodynamics:
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Energy of the universe is constant. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
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The first law is known as what?
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The principle of conservation of energy.
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If energy can't be destroyed, why can't organisms simply recycle their energy over and over again?
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Because during energy tranfer or transformation, some energy becomes unusable energy, unavailable to do work.
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When is the only time a "system" can put heat to work?
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When there is a temperature diffeence that results in heat flowing from a warmer location to a cooler one.
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If the temperature is uniform, as it is in a living cell, the the only use for heat energy generated during a chemical reaction is to do what?
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Warm a body of matter, such as the organism. (This can make a room crowded with people uncomfortably warm, as each person is carying out a multitude of chemical reactions.
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What is entropy?
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A measure of disorder; or randomness.
The more randomly arranged a collection of matter is, the greater its entropy. |
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Second law of thermodynamics:
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Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
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Some spontaneous processes may be virtually instantaneous such as what?
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An explosion - while others may be much slower, such as the rusting of an old car over time.
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Second law of thermodynamics:
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For a process to occur spontaneously, it must increase the entropy of the universe.
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Why is entrophy less apparent?
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Because it appears as increasing amount of heat and less ordered forms of mat
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What are the three kind of work a cell does?
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Chemical Work
Transport Work Mechanical Work |
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What is Chemical Work?
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The pushing of endergonic reactions, which would not occur spontaneously, such as the "synthesis of Polymers from monomers".
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What is transport work?
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The pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement.
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What is Mechanical work?
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Beating of cilia, the contraction of muscles cells, and the movement of chromosomes during cellular reproduction.
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What is energy coupling?
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The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.
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What is responsible for mediating most energy coupling in cells?
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ATP..it acts as the immediate source of energy that powers cellular work.
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What does ATP contains?
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Sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of three phosophate groups bonded to it.
ATP is also one of the nucleoside triphosphates used to make RNA. |
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What usually involves the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to some other molecule, such as the reactant?
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If the ^G of an endergonic reaction is less then the amount of energy release by ATP hydrolysis, then the two reactants can be coupled so that, overall the couple reactants are exergonic.
The recipient of that group is then said to be phosphorylated. |
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What is the key to coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions?
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The formation of this phosphorylated intermediate, which is more reactive (less stable) than the original unphosphorylated molecule.
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What are also nearly always powered by the hydrolysis of ATP?
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Transport and Mechanical Work.
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What leads to a change in a protein's shape and often its ability to bine another molecule, sometimes it also occurs via a phosphorylated intermediate?
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ATP Hydrolysis
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What provide the energy for the endergonic process of making ATP?
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Catabolic (exergonic) pathways, especially cellular respiration.
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A working muscle cell recycles its entire pool of ATP how long?
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Once every minute.
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More than 10 million ATP are consumed and regenerated how fast?
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Per second per cell.
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Enzyme is considered what?
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A catalytic protein. It also regulate metabolic pathways.
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To hydrolyze sucrose, what needs to happend?
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The bond between glucose and fructose must be broken and new bonds must form with hydrogen & hydroxyl ions from water.
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To reach a state where bonds can break and reform, what must happened?
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The reactant molecules must absorb energy from their surroundings.
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Free energy of activation or activation energy: E^
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The initial investment of energy for starting a reaction.
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Transition state?
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The molecules are in unstable conditions.
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The absorption of thermal energy does what?
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Increases the speed of the reactant molecules, so they collide more often and more forcefully.
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How are the barriers for selected surmounted to allow cells to carry out the processes of life?
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Heat would speed up reactions, but it would also denature proteins and kill cells.
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Enzyme's are so selective...
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They determine which chemical processes will occur at anytime.
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While the enzyme and substrate are bind, what happends?
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The catalytic action of the enzyme converts the substrate to the product/products.
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The specificity of an enzyme is due to what?
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The fit between the active site and the substrate.
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What causes the enzyme to change shape slightly?
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When the substrate enters the active site, interactions between the substrate and the amino acid of the protein.
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The activity of an enzyme is affected by general environmental conditions such as what?
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Temperature and pH
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Most human enzyme have optimal temperature of how much?
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35-40 degree celcius.
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Bacteria that lives in hot springs contain enzyme with opitmal temperature of what?
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70 degree celcius or above.
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Digestive enzyme in the stomach works best at?
Does in the intestines have an optimum of what? |
pH2
pH8 |
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Most enzymes requires nonprotein helpers for catalylic activities called:
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Cofactors - it binds permanently or reversibly to the enzyme.
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Inorganic cofactors includes:
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Zinc, Iron, and copper.
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Organic cofactors are called what?
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Coenzyme
Vitamins are Coenzyme |
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What happens of inhibitors attached to the enzyme by a covalent bond?
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Inhibition might be irreversible.
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What happends if inhibitors bind by weak bonds?
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Inhibition may be reversible.
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Competitive inhibition can be overcome by doing what?
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Increasing the concentration of the substrate.
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Binding by the inhibitor causes what?
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The enzyme to change shape, rendering the active site less effective at catalizing the reaction.
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