Biology Chapter 7: Vital Harvest: Deriving Energy From Food

Front 1

A phosphorus atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms.

Back 1

phosphate group

Front 2

The third stage of cellular respiration, occurring within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, in which most of the ATP is formed.

Back 2

ETC - electron transport chain

Front 3

Gain of one or more electrons by an atom or a molecule.

Back 3

reduction

Front 4

A group of atoms that confers a special property on a carbon-based molecule.

Back 4

functional group

Front 5

The three-stage, oxygen-dependent harvesting of energy that goes on in most cells.

Back 5

cellular respiration

Front 6

What are the three-stages of cellular respiration?

Back 6

1) glycolysis
2) Krebs cycle
3) electron transport chain

Front 7

The most important intermediate electron carrier in cellular respiration.

Back 7

NAD+ and NADH

Front 8

A compound composed of a defined number of atoms existing in a defined spatial relationship to one another.

Back 8

molecule

Front 9

A nucleotide that serves as the important energy-transfer molecule in living things.

Back 9

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

Front 10

A basic constituent of an atom that has negative electrical charge.

Back 10

electron

Front 11

A lipid molecule formed from three fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

Back 11

triglyceride

Front 12

An enzyme functioning in cellular respiration that brings together ADP and inorganic phosphate molecules to produce ATP.

Back 12

ATP synthase

Front 13

The amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1,000 grams of water by 1 degree C.

Back 13

Calorie

Front 14

A chemically active protein that speed up, or in practical terms enables, chemical reactions in living things.

Back 14

enzyme

Front 15

Organelles that are the primary sites of energy conversion within eukaryotic cells.

Back 15

mitochondrion

Front 16

A combination of a reduction and an oxidation reaction in which electrons lost from one substance in oxidation are gained by another in reduction.

Back 16

redox reaction

Front 17

The second stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the inner compartment of mitochondria.

Back 17

Krebs cycle

Front 18

The capacity to bring about movement against an opposing force.

Back 18

energy

Front 19

A molecule that serves to transfer electrons from one molecule to another in ATP formation.

Back 19

electron carrier

Front 20

Another name for the Krebs cycle

Back 20

Citric acid cycle

Front 21

Loss of one or more electrons by an atom or a molecule.

Back 21

oxidation

Front 22

The first stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytosol.

Back 22

glycolysis

Front 23

A type of accessory molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme, thus allowing the enzyme to bind to its substrate.

Back 23

coenzyme

Front 24

A notation specifying the elements in a molecule, with the number of atoms of each element in the molecule shown as a subscript.

Back 24

molecular formula

Front 25

The source of energy for most of the critical functions that occur in our cells is ______.

Back 25

ATP

Front 26

A molecule that has just gained electrons ______.

Back 26

is reduced

Front 27

What is a redox reaction?

Back 27

a reaction in which one molecule gains electrons and another molecule loses electrons

Front 28

In the first few steps of glycolysis, two ATP molecules are actually consumed instead of produced. Why is it that energy must be added to the glucose molecule first before the ultimate harvest of 36 ATP molecules can be attained?

Back 28

Glucose is a stable molecule. A certain amount of activation energy must be added before the molecule will release all its stored energy.

Front 29

Why does NAD+ pick up electrons and hydrogen ions?

Back 29

to assist in energy transfer of these items to the electron transport chain

Front 30

The number of oxidation reactions that occur in cells is _____ the number of reduction reactions that occur in cells.

Back 30

equal to

Front 31

An aerobic pathway requires _______.

Back 31

oxygen

Front 32

Which of the following metabolic pathways occur(s) in the cytoplasm of the cell? I. Glycolysis II. Fermentation III. Krebs cycle IV. Electron transport chain

Back 32

I. Glycolysis and II. Fermentation

Front 33

In which of the following metabolic pathways (of cellular respiration) does most of the oxidation of the molecules derived from glucose occur? I. Glycolysis II. Fermentation III. Krebs cycle IV. Electron transport chain

Back 33

III. Krebs cycle

Front 34

Skeletal muscles can use both aerobic and anaerobic respiration to produce the ATP needed for muscle contractions & can stockpile a small amount of ATP. In prolonged exercise, such as swimming, all three of these processes are used to supply ATP for muscle contraction.

What is the correct order in which these processes are used in the muscle cells during a prolonged swim? 1 anaerobic respiration 2 aerobic respiration 3 ATP/PCr

Back 34

ATP/PCr -----> anaerobic respiration -----> aerobic respiration

Front 35

The Krebs cycle takes place in what part of the cell?

Back 35

mitochondria

Front 36

What is given off as a by-product of cellular respiration during the conversion of pyruvic acid (a three-carbon molecule) into acetyl-CoA (a two-carbon molecule)?

Back 36

CO^2

Front 37

Oxygen is required for aerobic respiration because oxygen ______.

Back 37

1) accepts electrons
2) combines with hydrogen ions to make water

Front 38

Although a lot of energy is needed to convert ADP back into ATP, the actual conversion takes place primarily through the work of one enzyme, ATP synthase. ATP synthase is energized to create ATP by what direct energy source?

Back 38

proton gradient

Front 39

A morbidly obese individual decides to go on a massive diet and exercise program. After two years of conscientious dieting and grueling aerobic exercise, he manages to lose more than 150 pounds. Of course, most of it was fat. What form did most of the carbon and oxygen (comprising the fat) take when leaving the body?

Back 39

The carbon and oxygen left the body as CO2 that was exhaled from the lungs.

Front 40

Which step of cellular respiration produces no ATP?

Back 40

fermentation

Front 41

The final result of ATP production after anaerobic respiration is ________.

Back 41

low relative to the amount of ATP made in aerobic respiration

Front 42

Which of the following occurs in glycolysis?

Back 42

conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

Front 43

What did Hans Krebs do in the 1930's?

Back 43

used pigeons to find out how aerobic respiration works - Krebs Cycle is named after him

Front 44

In aerobic respiration, the pyruvic acid that is the product of glycolysis is converted to the molecule __________, which is the substrate that is transferred to the Krebs Cycle.

Back 44

acetyl CoA

Front 45

Electrons are transferred to two different electron carriers in the Krebs cycle. One of these is the _______ carrier seen in glycolysis; the other is the carrier _______.

Back 45

NAD+/NADH, FAD/FADH2

Front 46

The electrons picked up at various stages of energy harvesting by NADH and FADH must be accepted by _______ at the end of the ETC if energy transfer is to continue.

Back 46

oxygen