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71 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Protein encoding informational molecule passed from generation to generation.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
A virus that infects bacteria.
Bacteriophage
Building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a five-carbon sugar.
Nucleotide
In DNA and RNA, the precise pairing or purines (A and G) to pyrimidines (C, T, and U) such that each strand defines the sequence of the other.
Complementary
All the genetic material in an organism.
Genome
A continuous molecule of DNA wrapped around protein in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell; also the genetic material of a prokaryotic cell.
Chromosome
Sequence of DNA that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule.
Gene
Enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides and corrects mismatched base pairs in DNA replication.
DNA Polymerase
Sequence of events that take place in an actively dividing cell.
Cell Cycle
Enzyme that catalyzes formation of covalent bonds in the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone.
Ligase
A change in a DNA sequence.
Mutation
An alternative form of a gene.
Allele
Class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled division of cells that invade or spread to other tissues.
Cancer
Biotechnology tool that rapidly produces millions of copies of a DNA sequence of interest.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Biotechnology tool that uses only DNA to detect genetic differences between individuals.
DNA Profiling
A type of absolute dating that uses known rates of radioactive decay to date fossils.
Radiometric Dating
The ideas that all living matter consists of cells, cells are the structural and functional units of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells.
Cell Theory
Programmed cell death that is a normal part of development.
Apoptosis
DNA and its associated proteins in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
Chromatin
A continuous strand of DNA comprising one-half of a replicated chromosome.
Chromatid
Small section of a chromosome where sister chromatids attach to each other.
Centromere
A basic unit of chromatin; consists of DNA wrapped around eight histone proteins.
Nucleosome
Containing two different copies of each chromosome, one from each parent; also called 2n.
Diploid
Containing one copy of each chromosome; also called 1n.
Haploid
A sex cell; sperm or egg.
Gamete
Cell that gives rise to gametes in an animal.
Germ Cell
Body cell that does not give rise to gametes.
Somatic Cell
Division of genetic material that halves the chromosome number and yields genetically variable gametes.
Meiosis
Division of genetic material that yields two genetically identical cells.
Mitosis
Stage preceding mitosis or meiosis, when the cell carries out its functions, replicates its DNA, and synthesizes proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
Interphase
Distribution of cytoplasm into daughter cells in cell division.
Cytokinesis
Resting phase of the cell cycle in which the cell continues to function but does not divide.
G0 Phase
Gap stage of interphase in which the cell grows and carries out its basic functions.
G1 Phase
Gap stage of interphase in which the cell synthesizes and stores membrane components and spindle proteins.
G2 Phase
During this phase, the cell replicates the genetic material.
S Phase
A structure of microtubules that aligns and separates chromosomes in mitosis.
Mitotic Spindle
Part of the cell that organizes the mitotic spindle.
Centrosome
Proteins that attach the chromosomes to the spindle.
Kinetochores
When chromosomes condense and become visible, and crossing over occurs.
Prophase 1
When chromosomes condense and become visible.
Prophase 2
Stage of mitosis just before metaphase, when the nuclear membrane breaks up and spindle fibers attach to kinetochores.
Prometaphase
When homologous chromosome pairs align down the center of a cell.
Metaphase 1
When replicated chromosomes align down the center of a cell.
Metaphase 2
When spindle fibers pull homologous chromosomes toward opposite poles of the cell.
Anaphase 1
When centromeres split and spindle fibers pull sister chromatids toward opposite poles of the cell.
Anaphase 2
When homologs arrive at opposite poles.
Telophase 1
When chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and nuclear envelopes form.
Telophase 2
In animals, the initial indentation between two daughter cells in mitosis.
Cleavage Furrow
A protein that binds a specific receptor type on certain cells, starting a chain reaction of chemical messages that signals a cell to divide.
Growth Factor
The biochemical transmission of a message from outside the cell to inside.
Signal Transduction
The tip of a eukaryotic chromosome.
Telomere
Enzyme that extends telomeres, enabling cells to divide continuously.
Telomerase
Localized regions of active cell division in a plant.
Meristem
An abnormal mass of tissue.
Tumor
A tumor that invades the adjacent tissue.
Malignant
When some of the cancer cells break away from the original mass and travel in the bloodstream or lymphatic system to colonize other areas of the body.
Metastasize
Property of most noncancerous eukaryotic cells; inhibits cell division when cells contact one another.
Contact Inhibition
Gene that normally controls cell division but when overexpressed leads to cancer.
Oncogene
Gene that normally prevents cell division but when inactivated or suppressed causes cancer.
Tumor Suppressor Gene
Any of the forms of an element, each having a different number neutrons in the nucleus.
Isotope
Apoptosis-specific enzyme that destroys a cell's proteins.
Caspase
A molecule of DNA is composed of all the following except
a. a sugar
b. a nitrogen-containing group
c. a sulfur-containing group
d. a phosphorous-containing group
C. A sulphur-containing group
If one strand of DNA has the sequence ATTGTCC, then the sequence of the complementary strand would be...
a. TAACAGG
b. CGGAGTT
c. ACCTCGG
d. CCTGTTA
A. TAACAGG
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the terms?
a. DNA nucleotide>genome>chromosome>gene
b. Genome>chromosome>gene>DNA nucleotide
c. Chromosome>genome>gene>DNA nucleotide
d. Gene>genome>DNA nucleotide>chromosome
B. Genome>chromosome>gene>DNA nucleotide
The job of a ligase enzyme is to...
a. unwind the DNA
b. build a short sequence of RNA using the DNA as a template
c. Form covalent bonds between DNA nucleotides
d. add DNA nucleotides to an existing strand
C. Form covalent bonds between DNA nucleotides
What would happen to DNA replication if the helicase enzyme did not function?
a. Replication could occur, but there would be errors
b. The new DNA strand would not be held together by covalent bonds
c. Replication would occur in a single direction
d. Replication would not occur at all
D. Replication would not occur at all
Are mutations bad?
a. Yes, because the DNA is damaged
b. No, because changes in the DNA result in better alleles
c. Yes, because mutated proteins don't function
d. It depends on how the mutation affects the protein's function
D. It depends on how the mutation affects the protein's function
Why is PCR useful?
a. Because it replicates all the DNA in a cell
b. Because it can create large amounts of DNA from small amounts
c. Because it uses a heat-tolerant, Taq polymerase
d. Because it occurs in an automated device
B. Because it can create large amounts of DNA from small amounts
Why did the DNA from the heat-killed S-type cells transform the R-type cells?
a. Because it was mutated
b. Because DNA determines what proteins are made in a cell
c. Because the R-type cells did not have DNA
d. Because DNA is less complex than proteins
B. Because DNA determines what proteins are made in a cell
What is a DNA microarray used for?
a. Determining the number of base pairs in a person's chromosome
b. Determining the sequence of a segment of DNA
c. Creating genetic mutations
d. Identifying a DNA profile
B. Determining the sequence of a segment of DNA
In 1920, a woman claiming to be a surviving member of the royal family of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia appeared in Europe. What modern method of DNA profiling would you use to determine if this person was a member of the Romanov family?
a. Analysis of variable single-base sites
b. Analysis of the sequence of the woman's entire genome
c. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences
d. Comparison of allele frequencies to population databases.
C. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences