Biology: Chapter 7-9

Front 1

Allopatric Speciation

Back 1

The formation of a new species as a result of an ancestral population's becoming isolated by a geographical barrier

Front 2

Natural Selection

Back 2

Differential success in reproduction by different phenotypes resulting from interations w/the environment

Front 3

Speciation

Back 3

Process in which 2 populations achieve reproductive isolation

Front 4

Species

Back 4

All of the organisms that are potentially capable of interbreeding under normal conditions

Front 5

Autosome

Back 5

Normal chromosomes; not directly involved in determining the sex of an organism

Front 6

Transcription

Back 6

1st stage of gene expression in which the RNA polymerase enzymes synthesizes an mRNA molecules whose sequence is complementary to DNA

Front 7

Translation

Back 7

Synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule

Front 8

Dyad Chromosome

Back 8

2 Chromatids; before separation

Front 9

Monad Chromosome

Back 9

1 Chromatid; after separation

Front 10

Scientific Theory

Back 10

Observation
Hypothesis
Evidence
Experimentation
Verification
Predictive Power
Applications

Front 11

Theory of Natural Selection

Back 11

Genetic variations
Overproduction of offspring
Struggle for existence
Differential survival & reproduction

Front 12

Adaptive Trait

Back 12

Trait that enhances the reproductive success of an individual under certain environmental conditions

Front 13

5-Kingdom Classification

Back 13

Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Protista
Monera

Front 14

Classification System

Back 14

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Front 15

Meiosis 1

Back 15

DNA replication
Sister chromatids do NOT separate
Different maternal/paternal distribution

Front 16

Meiosis 2

Back 16

NO DNA replication
Separate from sister chromatids
Form haploid gametes

Front 17

Spontaneous Mutation

Back 17

Replication errors
Natural chemical events
:low rate

Front 18

Induced Mutation

Back 18

Chemicals
Radiation
:high rate

Front 19

Gene Map

Back 19

How many genes
DNA sequence
Protein sequence
Protein structure
Protein function
Treatment/Prevention

Front 20

Translation

Back 20

mRNA
tRNA
Ribosomes

Front 21

Transcription

Back 21

DNA unwinds
AU/GC pairing
RNA copied: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Front 22

Ribosome: large sub-unit

Back 22

binds tRNA

Front 23

Ribosome: small sub-unit

Back 23

binds mRNA

Front 24

Transcription

Back 24

DNA --> RNA

Front 25

Translation

Back 25

RNA --> Proteins

Front 26

Central Dogma

Back 26

DNA --> RNA --> Proteins

Front 27

Function of mRNA

Back 27

Contains the information which allows the ribsome to connect amino acids in a precise order (protein formation).

Front 28

Somatic

Back 28

Diploid
Mitosis
2n --> 2n

Front 29

Gametic

Back 29

Haploid
Meiosis
2n --> n

Front 30

Allele

Back 30

Alternate form of a gene

Front 31

Keno

Back 31

Common form binds adenine: spontaneous mutation

Front 32

Enol

Back 32

Rare form binds guanosine: spontaneous mutation

Front 33

Base Analogs

Back 33

Substitution of a normal base

Front 34

Alkalyting Agents

Back 34

Chemical modification of a base --> incorrect pairing

Front 35

Codon

Back 35

Three letter codes that specifies the amino acid of a protein

Front 36

Function of rRNA

Back 36

Part of the stucture of the protein building complex inside a cell (ribosome).

Front 37

Codon

Back 37

Basic unit of the genetic code
Code for the same amino acid as another codon does
Consists of 3 nucleotides

Front 38

Who discoverd the double helix structure of DNA?

Back 38

Watson & Crick

Front 39

Where does protein synthesis occur?

Back 39

In the cytoplasm