Biology Chapter 7

Front 1

cell

Back 1

basic units of life

Front 2

cell theory

Back 2

a fundamental concept of biology

1. All living things are cells

2. Cells are the basic units of life

3. New cells are produced from existing cells

Front 3

nucleus

Back 3

a large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell's genetic in the form of DNA.

Front 4

Eukaryotes

Back 4

a cell that contains a nucleus

Front 5

Prokaryotes

Back 5

a cell that doesn't have a nucleus.

Front 6

organelles

Back 6

tiny structures in a cells that have specialized jobs

Front 7

cytoplasm

Back 7

portion of the cell outside the nucleus

Front 8

nuclear envelope

Back 8

layer of two membranes that surround the nucleus of the cell

Front 9

Chromatin

Back 9

granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins.

Front 10

Chromosomes

Back 10

distinct, threadlike structures contain the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next

Front 11

Nucleolus

Back 11

Most nuclei also contain a small, dense region where the assembly of ribosomes begin

Front 12

Ribosomes

Back 12

small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm

Front 13

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 13

The site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembles, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell.

Front 14

Golgi Apparatus

Back 14

The function of the Golgi apparatus is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell.

Front 15

Lysosomes

Back 15

Small organelles filled with enzymes

Front 16

Vacuoles

Back 16

sac-like structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.

Front 17

Mitochondrion

Back 17

Organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.

Front 18

Chloroplasts

Back 18

Organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.

Front 19

Cytoskeleton

Back 19

A network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. It's also involved in movement.

Front 20

Centrioles

Back 20

Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division. Are not found in plant cells.

Front 21

Cell membrane

Back 21

Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support.

Front 22

Lipid Bilayer

Back 22

The composition of nearly all cell membranes is a double-layered sheet.

Front 23

Cell Wall

Back 23

Many cells also produce a strong supporting layer around the membrane

Front 24

Concentration

Back 24

The mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume.

Front 25

Diffusion

Back 25

The particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated.

Front 26

Equilibrium

Back 26

When the concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system.

Front 27

Osmosis

Back 27

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Front 28

Isotonic

Back 28

When solutions are "Same strength"

Front 29

Hypertonic

Back 29

When a substance is "above strength" compared to another

Front 30

Hypotonic

Back 30

When a substance is "below strength"

Front 31

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 31

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Front 32

Active transport

Back 32

energy-required process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Front 33

Endocytosis

Back 33

The process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane.

Front 34

Phagocytosis

Back 34

Extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole.

Front 35

Pinocytosis

Back 35

Tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles within the cells.

Front 36

Exocytosis

Back 36

the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane forcing the contents out of the cell.

Front 37

Cell specialization

Back 37

cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks.

Front 38

Tissue

Back 38

A group of similar cells that perform a particular function

Front 39

Organ

Back 39

Many groups of tissues that work together

Front 40

Organ System

Back 40

A group of organs that work together to perform a specific task.