Biology Chapter 7

Front 1

the structure of individual cell components is closely related to their _____.
the overall shape and composition of a cell is also closely related to its ____.

Back 1

structure and shape is closely related to function

Front 2

what are the two broad categories of cells based on their morphology?

Back 2

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Front 3

according to phylogeny, organisms fall into what three broad domains?

Back 3

1. bacteria 2. archaea 3. eukarya

Front 4

members of the bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic. members of the eukarya are _____

Back 4

eukaryotic

Front 5

most prominent structure inside a bacterial cell

Back 5

chromosome

Front 6

define chromosome

Back 6

in a bacterial cells, a thread like structure containing a large DNA molecule and small proteins. in eukaryotes, this is found in the nucleus

Front 7

DNA is encoded in its sequence of___ ___

Back 7

nitrogenous bases

Front 8

define gene

Back 8

a segment of DNA that contains the information for building an RNA molecule or a polypeptide

Front 9

to fit in the cell, the DNA double helix coils on itself with the aid of enzymes to form the __ __ structure

Back 9

super coiled

Front 10

bacterial chromosomes are found in a localized area of the cell called the _____

Back 10

nucleoid

Front 11

give characteristics of the nucleoid

Back 11

found in in the center of the cell and represents about 20% of the cells volume

Front 12

the genetic material in the nucleoid is/is not separated from the rest of the cell interior by a membrane

Back 12

is not separated from the rest of the cell

Front 13

define plasmids

Back 13

in bacterial cells, small, usually circular, supercoiled DNA molecules. Plasmids contain genes but are physically independent of the main, cellular chromosome

Front 14

plasmids can be considered auxillary genetic components. true/false?

Back 14

true. the genes carried by plasmids are not required under normal circumstances.

Front 15

ribosomes manufacture _____

Back 15

proteins

Front 16

it is common to observe extensive internal ______ in prokaryotes that perform photosynthesis

Back 16

internal membranes, which develop as internal foldings of the plasma membrane

Front 17

define organelles

Back 17

membrane bound compartment inside the cell that contains enzymes or structures specialized for a particular function

Front 18

protein filaments that help the bacterial cell maintain shape form the basis of the ____

Back 18

cytoskeleton ("cell skeleton")

Front 19

define cytoplasm

Back 19

the contents of the cell inside the membrane

Front 20

when ___ are present in the plasma membrane, their rotation allows aquatic cells to swim through the water

Back 20

flagella

Front 21

what are cell walls in bacteria and archaea?

Back 21

tough, fibrous layer that surrounds the plasma membrane

Front 22

brown algae, red algae, fungi, amoebae, slime molds, green plants and animals are all _____

Back 22

eukaryotic

Front 23

which are larger? eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic cells?

Back 23

eukaryotic cells are usually much larger than prokaryotic cells

Front 24

what two advantages are offered by the compartmentalization inside eukaryotic cells?

Back 24

incompatible chemical reactions can be separated, and chemical reactions become more efficient

Front 25

when typical prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are compared, there are 4 key differences. what are they?

Back 25

1. eukaryotic chromosomes are found inside a membrane bound compartment called the nucleus
2. eukaryotic cells are often much larger
3. eukaryotic cells contain extensive amount of internal membrane
4. eukaryotic cells feature a particularly diverse and diverse cytoskeleton

Front 26

define nucleus

Back 26

contains the chromosomes and functions as an information storage and processing center

Front 27

define nuclear envelope

Back 27

a complex double membrane that encloses the nucleus. studded with pore like openings, inside surface is linked to fibrous proteins that form a lattice like sheet called the nuclear lamina, which stiffens the structure and gives shape

Front 28

define nuclear lamina

Back 28

gives the nuclear envelope its shape

Front 29

do chromosomes float freely in the nucleus?

Back 29

no, each occupies a distinct area and is attached in at least one location

Front 30

the nucleus occupies a distinct area of the nuclear envelope called the ___

Back 30

nucleolus. where the RNA molecules found in ribosomes are manufactured

Front 31

the nuclear envelope is continuous with an extensive series of membrane bound sacs called the ____ _____

Back 31

endoplasmic reticulum, or ER.
the ER extends from the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm

Front 32

the rough ER manufactures ___, which are packaged into ___ and transported to various locaitons

Back 32

proteins that are packed into vesicles for transport

Front 33

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) contains ____ that ___ reactions involving lipids

Back 33

smooth ER contains enzymes that catalyze reactions involving lipids.

Front 34

the ___ ___ is where phospholipids are manufactured

Back 34

smooth ER

Front 35

the ____ ____ is a reservoir for calcium ions used in signal triggering

Back 35

smooth ER

Front 36

products of the rough ER pass through the ___ ___ before they reach their final destination

Back 36

golgi apparatus

Front 37

what are cisternae?

Back 37

flattened, membranous sacs which are stacked on top of one another. the cisternae receives products from the rough ER and packages and processes them for delivery

Front 38

what are eukaryotic ribosomes?

Back 38

ribosomes manufacture proteins. many are attached to the rough ER, and many are scattered throughout the cytosol

Front 39

what is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm?

Back 39

cytosol

Front 40

peroxisomes are centers for ____ reactions

Back 40

peroxisomes are centers for oxidation reactions, removing electrons from atoms or molecules. peroxisomes protect the cell by removing the high energy electrons. each is specialized for particular compounds

Front 41

lysosomes function as ___ centers

Back 41

lysosomes function as digestive centers

Front 42

the interior of lysosomes is acidic or basic?
what else does the lysosome contain?

Back 42

acidic, because of proton pumps in the lysosome maintaining a pH of 5.0
lysosomes also contain enzymes to aid digestion.

Front 43

what are the two ways that materials are delivered to lysosomes in animal cells?

Back 43

autophagy where damaged cells are surrounded by a membrane and delivered to the lysosome.
phagocytosis,where the plasma membrane of a cell surrounds a smaller cell or food particle and engulfs it

Front 44

____ refers to any pinching off of the plasma membrane that results in the uptake of material from outside the cell

Back 44

endocytosis "inside cell act"

Front 45

___ brings fluid into the cytoplasm via tiny vescilest hat form from infoldings of the plasma membrane

Back 45

pinocytosis "drink cell act"

Front 46

what system is the primary center for protein and lipid synthesis and processing?

Back 46

the endomembrane system (inner-membrane system)

Front 47

the cells of plants, fungi, and other groups lack lysosomes. instead they contain ____

Back 47

instead of lysosomes, they contain vacuoles.
vacuoles are large, taking up as much as 80% of the cell volume.

Front 48

vacuoles are ___ centers in plant and fungal cells

Back 48

storage centers

Front 49

the energy to build organelles and do cellular work comes from ___

Back 49

ATP

Front 50

ATP is produced by the _____

Back 50

mitochondria

Front 51

the mitochondria has two membranes. the inner membrane is connected to a series of sac like ____

Back 51

cristae

Front 52

in the mitochondria, the solution inside the inner membrane is called the ___ ___

Back 52

mitochondrial matrix

Front 53

most algal and plant cells posess an organelle called the ___ where sunlight is converted to chemical energy

Back 53

chloroplast

Front 54

membrane bound, flattened vesicles called ___ dominate the interior of the chloroplast

Back 54

thylakoids

Front 55

thylakoids are stacked into piles called ____

Back 55

grana

Front 56

relationship between thylakoid and stroma?

Back 56

The thylakoids are the disk-like stacks in chloroplasts, whereas, the stroma is the fluid of the chloroplasts which surround the thylakoids. Together, the stroma and thylakoids complete photosynthesis:

Front 57

in fungi, algae and plants, cells possess an outer ___ ___ in addition to their plasma membrane. animals lack this.

Back 57

cell wall

Front 58

the final major structural feature that is common to all eukaryotic cells is the ___ , an extensive system of protein fibers

Back 58

cytoskeleton

Front 59

differential centrifugation, define

Back 59

a technique that allowed researchers to isolate particular cell components and analyze their composition. uses a centrifuge to break cells apart and study the individual components

Front 60

what are the dominant forces within the cell?

Back 60

charge or electrostatic based polarity attractions. gravity has no significance

Front 61

does DNA traverse nuclear pores?

Back 61

no, it never leaves the nucleus

Front 62

what enters the nucleus?
what exits the nucleus?

Back 62

ribosomal subunits and various RNA's exit

proteins needed inside enter

Front 63

define viruses

Back 63

parasites that use the cell's machinery to make copies of themselves

Front 64

the "zip code" that allows proteins to enter only their intended area has come to be called the ___ ___ ___

Back 64

nuclear localization signal

Front 65

where is the NLS, the nuclear localization signal or "zip code" located on the nucleoplasmin protein?

Back 65

the NLS consists of 17 specific amino acids in the tail of the nucleoplasmin protein

Front 66

ions, ATP, amino acids and other small molecules diffuse randomly throughout the cell, but the movement of proteins and other large molecules is ___ demanding and tightly ____

Back 66

the movement of proteins and other large molecules is energy demanding and tightly regulated

Front 67

in the ____ system, proteins that are synthesized in the rough ER move to the golgi apparatus for processing, and from there travel to the cell surface or other destinations

Back 67

endomembrane

Front 68

according to electron micrographs, cells that secrete digestive enzymes, hormones or other products have large amounts of ___ and ____

Back 68

have large amounts of ER and Golgi

Front 69

the pulse-chase experiment supports the hypothesis that a secretory pathway exists, and that the __ ___ and ___ ___ function as an integrated endomembrane system

Back 69

the rough ER and Golgi apparatus function as an integrated endomembrane system

Front 70

the _____ hypothesis predicted that proteins bound for the endomembrane system have a molecular zip code analogous to the nuclear localization signal

Back 70

signal hypothesis

Front 71

in the Golgi apparatus, new cisternae constantly form at the ___ face, while old cisternae break apart at the ___ face

Back 71

new form at the cis face, old break apart at the trans face

Front 72

the ____ is a dense and complex network of fibers that helps maintain cell shape by providing structural support

Back 72

cytoskeleton

Front 73

what are the three distinct cytoskeletal elements in eukaryotic cells?

Back 73

actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Front 74

in animal cells, ___ is often the most abundant of all protein

Back 74

actin

Front 75

what is the role of actin?

Back 75

maintains cell shape by resisting tension
move cells via muscle contraction
divide animal cells in two
move organelles in cytoplasm

Front 76

actin's role in movement depends on the specialized protein ____

Back 76

myosin, a motor protein

Front 77

the movement called ___ ____ occurs when groups of actin filaments grow, creating bulges in the plasma membrane that extend and move the cell.

Back 77

cell crawling

Front 78

____ _____ are not polar, and serve a purely structural role in eukaryotic cells

Back 78

intermediate filaments

Front 79

____ are intermediate filaments that make up your skin and provide the strength to resist puncture and abrasion

Back 79

keratins

Front 80

___ are composed of two proteins called α-tubulin and β-tubulin, and are the largest cytoskeletal components in terms of diameter

Back 80

microtubules

Front 81

in animals, the microtubule organizing center has a distinctive structure and is called a ____, animals cells contain two bundles of microtubules called ____

Back 81

structure is called a centrosome, two bundles of microtubules called centrioles

Front 82

microtubules originate from the ___ ____ ____

Back 82

microtubule organizing center

Front 83

____ provide stability by resisting compression, and are involved in movement by functioning as transport tracks

Back 83

microtubules

Front 84

define kinesin

Back 84

the protein that generates vesicle movement along microtubules.

Front 85

define flagella vs cilia

Back 85

flagella- generally longer than cilia and usually just one or two per cell, vs many cilia.

Front 86

bacteria vs eukaryotic flagella

Back 86

bacterial flagella spin like a propellor
eukaryotic flagella whip back and forth

Front 87

how do flagella bend?

Back 87

when dynein arms walk along the microtubule doublets on one side of a flagellum, the structure bends