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28 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
in a chemical reaction, the energy needed to force the electron shells of reactants together, prior to the formation of products.
activation energy
the region of an enzyme molecule that binds substrates and performs the catalytic function of the enzyme.
active site
a molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and two phosphate groups; a component of ATP
adenosine diphosphate
a molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and three phosphate groups; the major energy carrier in cells. The last two phosphate groups are attached by “high-energy” bonds.
adenosine triphosphate
the process by which enzyme action is enhanced or inhibited by small organic molecules that act as regulators by binding to the enzyme and altering its active site.
allosteric regulation
a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself being permanently changed in the process; lowers the activation energy of a reaction.
catalyst
the process that forms and breaks chemical bonds that hold atoms together.
chemical reaction
an organic molecule that is bound to certain enzymes and is required for the enzymes’ proper functioning; typically, a nucleotide bound to a water-soluble vitamin.
coenzyme
the process by which two or more molecules that are somewhat similar in structure compete for the active site of an enzyme.
competitive inhibition
a pair of reactions, one exergonic and one endergonic, that are linked together such that the energy produced by the exergonic reaction provides the energy needed to drive the endergonic reaction.
coupled reaction
a molecule that can reversibly gain or lose electrons. Electron carriers generally accept high-energy electrons produced during an exergonic reaction and donate the electrons to acceptor molecules that use the energy to drive endergonic reactions.
electron carrier
pertaining to a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy to proceed; an “uphill” reaction.
endergonic
the capacity to do work.
energy
a molecule that stores energy in “high-energy” chemical bonds and releases the energy to drive coupled endothermic reactions. In cells, ATP is the most common energy-carrier molecule.
energy-carrier molecule
a measure of the amount of randomness and disorder in a system.
entropy
a protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions.
enzyme
pertaining to a chemical reaction that liberates energy (either as heat or in the form of increased entropy); a “downhill” reaction.
exergonic
in enzyme-mediated chemical reactions, the condition in which the product of a reaction inhibits one or more of the enzymes involved in synthesizing the product.
feedback inhibition
the principle of physics that states that within any isolated system, energy can be neither created nor destroyed but can be converted from one form to another.
first law of thermodynamics
the energy of movement; includes light, heat, mechanical movement, and electricity.
kinetic energy
the physical laws that define the basic properties and behavior of energy.
laws of thermodynamics
a sequence of chemical reactions within a cell, in which the products of one reaction are the reactants for the next reaction.
metabolic pathway
the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a single cell or within all the cells of a multicellular organism.
metabolism
“stored” energy, normally chemical energy or energy of position within a gravitational field.
potential energy
an atom or molecule that is formed from reactants in a chemical reaction.
product
an atom or molecule that is used up in a chemical reaction to form a product.
reactant
the principle of physics that states that any change in an isolated system causes the quantity of concentrated, useful energy to decrease and the amount of randomness and disorder (entropy) to increase.
second law of thermodynamics
the atoms or molecules that are the reactants for an enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction.
substrate