Biology Chapter 6

Front 1

Organelles

Back 1

Membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells

Front 2

Light Microscope

Back 2

Light passes through the specimen through glass which magnifies it

Front 3

Electron Microscope

Back 3

Electrons are beamed through the specimen

Front 4

Scanning Electron Microscope

Back 4

useful for detailed study of topography of a specimen

Front 5

Transmission Electron Microscope

Back 5

Used to study internal structure of cells by aiming an electron beam through a thin layer of specimen after being stained with heavy metals

Front 6

Cell Fractionation

Back 6

Takes cells apart and separates major organelles from one another.The higher the speed, the smaller the pellets that appear on the bottom.

Front 7

Cytosol

Back 7

Jellylike substance within cells

Front 8

Nucleoid

Back 8

Region with concentrated DNA in prokaryotic cells

Front 9

Cytoplasm

Back 9

Interior of the cell, but only between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

Front 10

Plasma Membrane

Back 10

A selective barrier that allows the passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wasters to service the cell. It has a large SA to V ratio.

Front 11

Nucleus

Back 11

Contains most of the genes of the cell

Front 12

Nuclear Envelope

Back 12

Encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm.

Front 13

Nuclear Lamina

Back 13

A net-like array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by supporting the nuclear envelope on the inside.

Front 14

Chromosomes

Back 14

Units of DNA, carrying genetic information

Front 15

Chromatin

Back 15

A complex of DNA and proteins making the chromosomes

Front 16

Nucleolus

Back 16

A dense region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is made.

Front 17

Ribosomes

Back 17

Ribosomal RNA and protein that carry out protein synthesis

Front 18

Endomembrane System

Back 18

The nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,vesicles, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane.

Front 19

Vesicles

Back 19

Sacs made of membrane that interrelate the various organelles

Front 20

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 20

Accounts for most of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells. Has two parts: Smooth and Rough.

Front 21

Smooth ER

Back 21

Lacks ribosomes on its outer surface. Produces lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs/poisons, and stores calcium ions.

Front 22

Rough ER

Back 22

Covered in ribosomes. Produces proteins.

Front 23

Glycoproteins

Back 23

Primarily secretory proteins.

Front 24

Transport Vesicles

Back 24

Vesicles that move from one part of the cell to another transporting material.

Front 25

Golgi apparatus

Back 25

Warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping, and some manufacturing. Products of the ER are modified. Has two sides, cis (near ER) and trans (away from ER)

Front 26

Lysosomes

Back 26

Sac of hydrolytic enzymes hat digest macromolecules.

Front 27

Phagocytosis

Back 27

Cells eat by engulfing food particles.

Front 28

Vacuoles

Back 28

Vesicles from the ER and Golgi apparatus.

Front 29

Cristae

Back 29

Infolding of the mitochondria

Front 30

Mitochondrial Matrix

Back 30

enclosed by the inner membrane.

Front 31

Thylakoids

Back 31

Interconnected sacs within the chloroplast.

Front 32

Granum

Back 32

Each stack in the thylakoids

Front 33

Stroma

Back 33

Fluid outside the thylakoids which contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes and enzymes.

Front 34

Plastid

Back 34

Family of plant related organelles. e.g. Chloroplast

Front 35

Peroxisome

Back 35

contains enzymes that remove H atoms from varous substrates and makes H2O2. They break fatty acids, detoxify alcohol. Has enzymes that convert H2O2 into water.

Front 36

Cytoskeleton

Back 36

Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

Front 37

Motor Proteins

Back 37

Required to interact with the cytoskeleton for motility

Front 38

Microtubules

Back 38

Hollow rods approximately 25nm wide. Shape and support cell and provide tracks from motor proteins to move on. Also used to split cell during cell division.

Front 39

Centrosome

Back 39

Mictotubules grow out from here.

Front 40

Centrioles

Back 40

Within the centrosome. They replicate before the cell divides.

Front 41

Flagella and Cilia

Back 41

Flagella/um is a tail used for movement.
Cilia are hairlike structures that are used in movement.

Front 42

Basal Body

Back 42

Microtubules for flagellum and cilium are anchored here.

Front 43

Dyneins

Back 43

Large motor proteins that are responsible fro the bending movements of an organelle.

Front 44

Microfilaments

Back 44

Solid rods, about 7nm in diameter. a twisted double chain of actin subunits that support the cell's shape.

Front 45

Cortex

Back 45

The cytoplasmic layer of the cell that has a semisolid consistency from microfilaments.

Front 46

Myosin

Back 46

A protein allowing microfilaments to have a primary role in motility. Used by muscles. They microfilaments overlap.

Front 47

Pseudopodia

Back 47

These are "false feet" on cells.

Front 48

Cytoplasmic Streaming

Back 48

A circular flow of cytoplasm within cells.

Front 49

Intermediate Filaments

Back 49

Have a 8-12nm diameter. They specialize for bearing tension. They are a permanent framework.

Front 50

Cell Wall

Back 50

Extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells.

Front 51

Primary Cell Wall

Back 51

A young plant cell first secretes a thing flexible cell wall.

Front 52

Middle Lamella

Back 52

A thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins. It glues adjacent cells together.

Front 53

Secondary Cell Wall

Back 53

Another layer added between the plasma membrane and the primary wall.

Front 54

Extracellular Matrix

Back 54

The region outside the cell. It consists of glycoproteins and carbohydrates

Front 55

Collagen

Back 55

A strong fiber outside cells.

Front 56

Proteoglycans

Back 56

A small core protein with many carbohydrates.

Front 57

Fibrontectin

Back 57

An ECM glycoprotein that binds to receptor proteins called integrins

Front 58

Integrins

Back 58

Receptor proteins built into the plasma membrane

Front 59

Plasmodesmata

Back 59

membrane-lined channels filled with cytoplasm. It joins the internal chemical environment of other cells, unifying it.

Front 60

Tight Junctions

Back 60

Plasma membranes of adjacent cells are very tight together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid. E.g. skin

Front 61

Desmosomes

Back 61

Rivets fastening cells together. They attach muscle cells to each other.

Front 62

Gap Junctions

Back 62

Cytoplasmic channels from once cell to another.