Biology Chapter 5

Front 1

Macromolecules

Back 1

Large molecules
Many atoms connected covalently

Front 2

The 4 types of macromolecules

Back 2

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

Front 3

Monomers

Back 3

small building-blocks

Front 4

Polymers

Back 4

long/large molecules with many similar monomers

Front 5

Which macromolecules are polymers

Back 5

carbohydrates
proteins
nucleic acids

Front 6

Dehydration

Back 6

(making polymers)
2 monomers bond together
lose one water molecule

Front 7

Hydrolysis

Back 7

(breaking down polymers)
the polymer is disassembled to monomer
the reverse of dehydration
adding a water molecule

Front 8

Diversity of polymers

Back 8

each cell has thousands of different marcomolecules
very amoung cells

Front 9

Carbohydrates

Back 9

sugar monomers and polymers

Front 10

Monosaccharides

Back 10

single sugar monomers

Front 11

Polysaccharides

Back 11

polymers with many monomers

Front 12

Sugars

Back 12

all sugars have CH2O

Front 13

Monosaccharides classified by:

Back 13

location of the carbonyl group ( as aldose or ketose)
the number of carbons in the skeleton

Front 14

Glucose

Back 14

the most common monosaccharide

Front 15

Trioses

Back 15

3-carbon sugars

Front 16

Aldose

Back 16

carbonyl at the end

Front 17

Ketose

Back 17

carbonyl in between

Front 18

Pentoses

Back 18

5-carbon sugars

Front 19

Hexoses

Back 19

6-carbon sugars

Front 20

Monosccharides

Back 20

a major fuel for cells (ATP)
raw material for building molecules

Front 21

Disaccharide

Back 21

2 monosaccharides
bonded by dehydration

Front 22

Glycosidic linkage

Back 22

covalent bond between monosaccharides
bonding between the 1st and 4th carbon

Front 23

Polysaccharides

Back 23

many sugar molecules
storage+structure > detirmined by its sugar monomer + linkage

Front 24

Storage polysaccharides

Back 24

Starch (plants)
Glycogen (animals)

Front 25

Starch

Back 25

has all glucose monomers
stored in chloroplasts as granules
amylose is the simplest from of starch

Front 26

Glycogen

Back 26

vertebrates store glycogen in liver + muscle

Front 27

Glycogen

Back 27

vertebrates stroe glycogen in the liver and muscles

Front 28

Cellulose

Back 28

strong
a component of cell walls
like starch only has different glycosidic bonds- depends on beta glucose ring

Front 29

Strutural Polysaccharides

Back 29

polymers with alpha glucose helical
those wigh beta are straight- h-bonds forms between two strands

Front 30

Microfibrils

Back 30

parallel cellulose molecules h-bonded together
froms a strong building materials for plants

Front 31

Chitin

Back 31

exoskeleton of anthropods
structural support for the cell walls of fungi

Front 32

Lipids

Back 32

don't form polymers
hydrophobic
mostly hydrocarbons
nonpolar covalent bonds
(fats, phosolipids, steriods)

Front 33

Fats

Back 33

glycerol + fatty acids

Front 34

Glycerol

Back 34

3-C alcohol with -OH group on each C

Front 35

Fatty Acid

Back 35

C=Ogroup attached to a long carbon chain

Front 36

Triacylglycerol (troglycerirde)

Back 36

a fat molecule
3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol by ester linkages

Front 37

How fatty acids vary

Back 37

lenght (#ofC)
number + locations of double bonds

Front 38

Saturated Fatty Acids

Back 38

no double bond
have the max. number of H atoms possible (saturated in H)
can pack together - solid at room temp.
requires more energy

Front 39

Unsaturaed Fatty Acids

Back 39

have double bonds
double bonds cause kinks in the chain

Front 40

Fats

Back 40

most animal fats are solid at room temp.
plants and fish are not
eating to much sat. is bad

Front 41

Hydrogenation

Back 41

(adding hydrogen)
unsat. > sat.
unsat. > unsat. with trans double bond (unwated product)

Front 42

Trans fats

Back 42

may contribute to heart disease more than saturated fats because it is not natural so your body can't break it down.

Front 43

The function of fat

Back 43

the major function is to store energy

Front 44

where do mammals store fat

Back 44

adipose cells
which also cushion organs and insulates the body

Front 45

phosolipids

Back 45

2 fatty acids ( hydrophobic) + a phosphate (hydrophillic) are attached to glycerol

Front 46

The unique structure of phospholipids

Back 46

they are both hydrophobic and hydrophillic

Front 47

Phosolipid bilayer

Back 47

when added to water the self-assemble into a bilayer with hyrdophobic in the interior
major component of cell membranes

Front 48

Steroids

Back 48

4 rings of carbon fused together

Front 49

Cholesterol

Back 49

in animal cell membranes
high levels in the blood may contribute to heart diease

Front 50

Glycogen

Back 50

vertebrates stroe glycogen in the liver and muscles

Front 51

Cellulose

Back 51

strong
a component of cell walls
like starch only has different glycosidic bonds- depends on beta glucose ring

Front 52

Strutural Polysaccharides

Back 52

polymers with alpha glucose helical
those wigh beta are straight- h-bonds forms between two strands

Front 53

Microfibrils

Back 53

parallel cellulose molecules h-bonded together
froms a strong building materials for plants

Front 54

Chitin

Back 54

exoskeleton of anthropods
structural support for the cell walls of fungi

Front 55

Lipids

Back 55

don't form polymers
hydrophobic
mostly hydrocarbons
nonpolar covalent bonds
(fats, phosolipids, steriods)

Front 56

Fats

Back 56

glycerol + fatty acids

Front 57

Glycerol

Back 57

3-C alcohol with -OH group on each C

Front 58

Fatty Acid

Back 58

C=Ogroup attached to a long carbon chain

Front 59

Triacylglycerol (troglycerirde)

Back 59

a fat molecule
3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol by ester linkages