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67 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Terminal bud

Allows Stem to grow in length

Lateral bud(axillary)

New stems to branch off main stem

Bud scale

Protect bud in winter

Leaf scar

Where leaf was attached

Bundle scar

- On leaf scar


- where vascular tissue was

Node

Section where leaves grow


Alternate 1


Oppposite 2


Whorled 3

Internode

Section between nodes

Lenticel

Opening on stem or bark lets air in

Primary growth

Growth at tips of branches

Excurrent Branches

Trees straight and all 1 major shaft


Ex. Pine, Redwoods, Hemlock

Deliquescent Branching

Several main branches


Ex. Maple trees

Bark

1. Protection


2. Transports food

Wood

Strong resilient runner section


Strength and suppport


Transports minerals up plant (xylem) tissue


Pith

1. Center of young stem


2. Water storage

Heartwood

- old inner wood(darker)


- use support


- old xylem tissue get clogged w/ debris waste

Sapwood

- Young xylem tissue(lighter)


- Still functional

Annual Rings

Can estimate age


Each growing season new rings form


Spring wood

Light grain

Skimmer wood

Dark grain

Fibrovascular bundles

Around pith xylem on inside phloem on outside

Dicots

Only primary growth (longer not width)


1 growing season no rings


Fibrovasular bundles

Pith

Xylem

Cortex

Phloem

Moncots

Fibrovasular bundles


Most don't have cambiums

Vegetative Reproduction

New plant without seeds

Asexual Reproduction

W/o sex cells

Runners

Special stem sent out by plant to start new plants

Vegetable Propagation

Reproduction by human help

Cutting

Piece of stem or root capable of growing into a new plant

Advantages to cutting

- Identical to original


- Saves time

Layering

Induce a stem to grow roots in soil

Grafting

Transport living tissue to new plant common w/ fruit trees process

Grafting Process

1. Cut off branch


2. Graft onto stock tree


3. Vasular cambium lined up

Tissue Culturing

Make seedings from individual cells in lab

Corm

Swollen stem

Bulb

Stores food

Rhizones

Thick stems that grow horizontally


- Good storage


- Reproduction


Ex. Iris

Stolen

Runner that goes along ground


Ex. Strawberries and grass

Tendrils

Climbing stems


Ex. Plant vines, ivy

Tubers

- swollen special stem


- store food


Ex. Potatoes

Thorns

Protection


Ex. Honey locust tree

Primary root

Grows directly from embryo

Taproot

- One major fleshy root


- food storage


Ex. Dandelions, carrots, yam

Fibrous roots

- helps erosion

Root structure

Size of plant similar to root system size

Epidermis

Protect


Prevent water lose

Root hairs

Help to absord water

Root cortex

- middle of root


- food storage

Stele

Xylem(inner) and phloem(outer) center cylinder

Root cap

Protective covering pushes into soil

Primary growth

Growth in length


Meristem

Meristematic region

New cells grow from meristem

Region of Elongation

Cells grow in length

Maturation region

Cells organized in stele

Secondary growth

- Growth in diameter


- Cambium cells between xylem and phloem

Diffusion

Mixing of particles by random molecular motion moves from high concentration to low concentration

Permeable

The few cell membranes that allow some substances through

Osmosis

One way diffusion through a semiperiable membrane


Young stem

1. Epidermis


2. Cortex

Epidermis

Outer protection

Cortex definition

- Tissue below epidermis


- Stores food

Mature stem

1. Cork


2. Lenticels


3. Phloem


4. Sieve Tubes


5. Vasular Cambium

Cork

Replaces epidermis and cortex

Phloem

Carries food down

Sieve tubes

Phloem tissue tubes

Vascular Cambium

Form new phloem cells

Budding

Graft a bud onto another tree