Biology Chapter 4

Front 1

Organic Chemistry

Back 1

the study of carbon compounds (organic compounds)

Front 2

Hydrocarbons

Back 2

organic molecules consisting of only C and H

Front 3

List the four ways that carbon skeletons can vary.

Back 3

1. Length

2. Branching

3. Bond types/location

4. Rings

Front 4

Isomer

Back 4

one of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties

Front 5

List the three types of isomers.

Back 5

Front 6

Structural Isomers

Back 6

isomers that differ in covalent partners

Front 7

Cis-Trans Isomers (Geometric Isomers)

Back 7

isomers that differ in arrangement about an inflexible double bond

cis - X groups on same side

trans - X groups of different sides

Front 8

Enantiomers

Back 8

isomers that differ in spatial arrangement around asymmetric C that appear as mirror images to each other

Front 9

Functional Groups

Back 9

a specific confirguration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions

Front 10

Name 7 functional groups.

Back 10

1. Hydroxyl group (-OH)

2. Carbonyl group (C=O)

3. Carboxyl group (-COOH)

4. Amino group (-NH2)

5. Sulfhydryl group (-SH)

6. Phosphate group (-OPO3 (2-))

7. Methyl group (-CH3)

Front 11

Hydroxyl group

Back 11

-OH

Compound Name: Alcohol

polar; forms H bonds with water to dissolve compounds like sugar

Front 12

Carbonyl group

Back 12

C=O

Compound Name: Ketone (if within skeleton) or Aldehyde (if at end of skeleton)

Front 13

Carboxyl group

Back 13

-COOH

Compound Name: carboxylic (organic) acid

acts as an acid due to high polarity of O-H bond

Front 14

Amino group

Back 14

-NH2

Compound Name: Amine

acts as a base

Front 15

Sulfhydryl group

Back 15

-SH

Compound name: Thiol

two molecules with -SH groups can react and form a "cross-link" to stabilize protein structures

Front 16

Phosphate group

Back 16

-OPO3 (-2)

Compound name: Organic phosphate

contributes a negative charge to molecule; allows molecule to react with water and release energy

Front 17

Methyl group

Back 17

-CH3

Compound name: Methylated compound

affects the expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA; affects shape/function of sex hormones

Front 18

Adenosine Triphosphate

Back 18

ATP

an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed; used to drive endergonic reactions in cells

Front 19

ATP Reaction

Back 19

(P)(P)(P)[A] +H2O -> (P1) + (P)(P)[A] + Energy

ATP and water react to form an inorganic phosphate (P1), ADP, and energy

Front 20

Both _______ and _______ groups are always found in amino acids.

Back 20

Both -COOH (carboxyl) and -NH2 (amine) groups are always found in amino acids.

Front 21

The chemical group that is involved in regulating DNA is the ________ group.

Back 21

The chemical group that is involved in regulating DNA is the methyl (-CH3) group.

Front 22

The chemical group that helps stabilize protein structure is the __________.

Back 22

The chemical group that helps stabilize protein structure is the sulfhydryl group (-SH).

Front 23

All functional groups are (hydrophobic/hydrophillic) and thus (increase/decrease) an organic compound's water solubility.

Back 23

All functional groups are hydrophillic and thus increase an organic compound's water solubility.