Biology Chapter 30 Plant Diversity Ii: Evolution Of Seed Plants

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Seeds

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- Changed the course of plant evolution

- Enabled plants to become the dominant producers in most terrestrial ecosystems

- Originated about 360 millions years ago

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- Embryo

- Nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

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Seed consists of? (2)

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- Reduced size of gametophytes

- Heterospory

- Ovules

- Pollen

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4 Common Characteristics of Seed Plants

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Gametophytes

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- Develop within the sporangia that are retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte

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Heterospory

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- Term referring to the ability to produce male and female gametophyte in one plant

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Ovules

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- Structure that retains the female gametophytes within parent

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Pollen

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- Structure that allows male gametophyte to self-fertilize or travel

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Byrophytes (Mosses)

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For _______, gametophytes are dominant and sporophytes are reduced and dependent on gametophyte for nutrition

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Seedless vascular plants (Ferns)

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For ____, gametophytes are reduced and independent photosynthetic free-living. Sporophytes are dominant.

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Seed plants

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For _____, gametophytes are reduced and usually microscope, dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition. Sporophyte is dominant.

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1. Homosporous

2. Heterosporous

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Ancestors of seed plants were ____1____ while seed plants were ____2____.

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Megasporangia

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- Produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes

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Microsporangia

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- Produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes

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- Megasporangium (2n)

- Megaspore (n)

- Integuments (2n)

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Ovule consists of? (3) Indicate whether they are haploid/diploid

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Integument

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- Surrounding protection for ovule

- Becomes seed coat

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1. Gymnosperms

2. Angiosperms

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______1_______ megaspores have one integument and ____2____ megaspores have two integuments

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Pollen grains

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- Develop from microspores that contain male gametophytes

- When it germinates, gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into female gametophyte within the ovule

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Pollination

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- Transfer of pollen to the part of a see plant containing the ovules

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Pollen

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- Can be dispersed great distances by air or animals and does not require water

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- Survive better than unprotected spores,

- May remain dormant until conditions are favorable for germination

- Supply of stored food

- Can be transported long distances by wind or animals

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4 Evolutionary Advantages of Seeds

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Gymnosperms

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- Clade of seeded plants that are better suited to drier conditions than nonvascular plants

- "Naked seeds"

- Seeds are exposed on sporophylls that form cornes

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Angiosperms-

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- Clade of seeded plants that dominate more terrestrial ecosystems

- Seeds are found in fruits which are mature ovaries

- Reproductive structures called flowers and fruits

- Most widespread and diverse of all plants

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Conifers

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- Cone-bearing gymnosperms and dominate northern latitudes

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- Cycadophyta (Cycads)

- Gingkophyta (Gingko biloba)

- Gnetophyta (Gnetum, Ephedra, Weiwitschia)

- Coniferophyta (Conifers - Pine, fir, redwood)

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4 Phyla of Gymnosperms

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Anthopyta

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- Phyla of angiosperms

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Flowers

Fruits

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2 Key adaptations of angiosperms

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Flower

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- Angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction

- Specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves

- Many species are pollinated by insects or animals while some species are wind-pollinated

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- Sepals

- Petals

- Stamen

- Carpels

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- Modified structure that enclose the flower

- Brightly colored and attract pollinators

- Produce pollen

- Produce ovules

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- Filament: Stalk

- Anther: Sac where pollen is produced

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2 Structures of Stamen and what they are

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- Ovary: base

- Style: Structure that connects

- Stigma: Receives pollen

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3 Structures of Carpel and what they are

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Fruit

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- Typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts

- Protect seeds and aid in their dispersal

- Can be either fleshy or dry

- Adaptations help disperse seeds

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1. Flower

2. Pollen grains

3. Microsporangia

4. Anthers

5. embryo sac

6. ovule

7. stigma

8. cross-pollination

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The ___1___ of the sporophyte is composed of both male and female structures. Male gametophytes are contained within __2__ produced by the __3__ of __4__. The female gametophyte called __5__ develops within __6__ contained within an ovary at the base of a __7__. Most flowers have mechanisms to ensure __8__ from different plants of the same species.

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1. Flower

2. Sporophyte

3. Pollen grains

4. micro

5. Embryo sac

6. Cross-pollination

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The ___1___ of the ___2___ is composed of both male and female structures. Male gametophytes are contained within __3__ produced by the ___4__sporangia of anthers. The female gametophyte - the __5__ - develops within an ovule contained within an ovary at the base of a stigma. Most flowers have mechanisms to ensure __6__ between flowers from different plants of the same species.

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- Animal Herbivory selects for plant defenses

- Interactions between pollinators and flowering plants select for mutually beneficial adaptations

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2 Evolutionary Links between angiosperms and animals

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- Key sources of food, fuel, wood products and medicine

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Seed plants are key sources of? (4)

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Seed plants

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Group of plants most important to human survival

- Our reliance makes preservation critical

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Angiosperms

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Most of our food comes from what type of seed plant?-

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- Wheat

- Rice

- Maize

- Potato

- Cassava

- Sweet potato

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6 Crops yield 80% of the calories consumed by humans

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Moderns Crops

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- Products of relatively recent genetic change resulting from artificial selection

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Secondary compounds

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- Substance from seed plants that are used in medicines

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1. 55,000

2. 200

3. Animal

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Destruction of habitat is causing extinction of many plant species. In the tropics, ___1___km2 are cleared each year. At this rate the remaining tropical forests will be eliminated in __2__ years. Loss of plant habitat is often accompanied by loss of the __3__ species that plants support.

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1. 50%

2. 100-200

3. Tropical rain forests

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At the current rate of habitat loss: __1__% of Earth's species will become extinct within the next __2__ years.

The ____3____ may contain undiscovered medicinal compounds.

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- Eye pupil dilator

- Heart medication

- Throat soother

- Malaria preventive

- Ovarian cancer drug

- Muscle relaxant

- Leukemia drug

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7 uses of Plant-Derived Medicines