Biology - Chapter 3

Front 1

Proteins

Back 1

Are polymers made up of 20 different amino acids

Functions:
-Enzymes - catalyze a reaction/speed it up
-Defensive proteins (antibodies) - kill bacteria, defend your body
-Hormonal/regulatory proteins
-Receptor proteins - receive and respond to molecular signals
-Storage proteins - store amino acids
-Structural proteins
-transport proteins
-genetic regulatory proteins

-Can consist of more than one type of polypeptide chains
-Bind noncovalently with specific molecules

Front 2

Carbohydrates

Back 2

Sugar monomers (monosaccharides)

Front 3

Nucleic Acids

Back 3

4 kinds of nucleotide monomers

Front 4

Lipids

Back 4

fatty acids

Front 5

Macromolecules

Back 5

polymers with with molecule weights greater than 1,000


-may contain many different functional groups

Front 6

Functional groups

Back 6

direct interactions/functions

-group of atoms with specific chemical properties and consistent behavior.
-Some are polar, some are acidic, etc

Front 7

Isomers

Back 7

molecules with the same chemical formula but they look different

Front 8

Optical Isomers

Back 8

4 different atoms attached with it

- some biochemical molecules that can interact with one optical isomer are unable to "fit" the other

Front 9

Biochemical Unity

Back 9

macromolecules are present in the same proportions in all living organisms have similar functions

Front 10

Polymer

Back 10

a large molecule made up of monomers

- polymers are broken down into monomers in hydrolysis reactions

Front 11

Monomer

Back 11

a small molecule that forms polymers

Front 12

Condensation reaction

Back 12

chemical reaction in which two molecules become connected by a covalent bond and a molecule of water is released

-makes polymers
- monomers are joined by covalent bonds

Front 13

Structural Isomers

Back 13

molecules made up of the same kinds and numbers of atoms in which the atoms are bonded differently

Front 14

Polypeptide Chains

Back 14

unbranched (linear) polymers of covalent linked amino acids

Front 15

Amino Acids

Back 15

Have carboxyl and amino groups - function as both acid and base
-can be grouped based on side chains
- bond covalently

Exist in two isomeric forms:

D-amino acid (dextro, "right") - can be found in bacteria
L-amino acids (levi, "left") - is found in organisms

Front 16

Side chains

Back 16

(R-groups)
also have functional groups

Front 17

Primary structure

Back 17

the sequence of amino acids

- determines secondary and tertiary structure - how the protein is.

Front 18

Secondary structure

Back 18

a helix - right-handed coil resulting from hydrogen bonding between N-H group bonds

Front 19

Tertiary

Back 19

bending and folding

Front 20

Denature

Back 20

changing the shape of a protein
by heat: changes in pH, non polar substances
if cooled: protein goes back to original form (depends)

Front 21

Quaternary structure

Back 21

results from the interaction of subunits

Each subunit has its own unique tertiary structure

Front 22

Proteins sometimes bind to the wrong molecules

Back 22

-after denaturation
-when they are new and still unfolded

Front 23

Chaperones

Back 23

a protein that guards other proteins by counteracting molecular interactions that threaten their three-dimensional structure

Front 24

Heat shock proteins (HSPs)

Back 24

Chaperone proteins expressed in cells exposed to high or low temperatures or other forms of environmental stress

Front 25

Carbohydrates

Back 25

-Source of stored energy
-Transport stored energy
-Carbon skeletons for many other molecules

Front 26

Monosaccharides

Back 26

Simple sugars

-Have different numbers of carbons:
-Hexoses: six carbons - structural isomers
-Pentoses: five carbons

-Bind together in condensation reactions and form glycosidic linkages

Front 27

Disccharides

Back 27

two simple sugars linked by covalent bonds

Front 28

Oligosaccharides

Back 28

three to 20 monosaccharides
-May include other functional groups
-often covalently bonded to proteins and lipids

Front 29

Polysaccharides

Back 29

More than 20monosaccharides - starch, glycogen, cellulose
-giant polymers of monosaccharides

Starch = storage of glucose in plants
Glycogen =
Cellulose: very stable, good for structural components

Front 30

Glucose

Back 30

Cells use this as an energy source
-exists as a straight chain or ring form

Front 31

Glycosidic Linkages

Back 31

Bond between carbohydrate (sugar) molecules through an intervening oxygen atom

Front 32

Carbohydrates can be...

Back 32

modified by adding functional groups:

-sugar phosphate
-Amino sugars
-Chitin

Front 33

Lipids

Back 33

Nonpolar hydrocarboms

-van der Waals forces hold them together
-Not polymers, not covalently bonded
-Fats and oils store energy

-Phospholipids
-Carotenoids and chlorophylls
-Steroids and modified fatty acids
-Animal fat
-Nerve insulation
-oil and wax on skin, fur, and feathers repels water

Front 34

Phospholipids

Back 34

Structural role in cell membranes

Front 35

Fats and oils

Back 35

triglycerides (simple lipids)
-composed of fatty aids and glycerol

Front 36

Glycerol

Back 36

3 - OH groups (an alcohol)

Front 37

Fatty Acid

Back 37

nonpolar hydrocarbon with a polar carboxyl group

Front 38

Ester Linkage

Back 38

carboxyls bond with hydroxyls of glycerol

Front 39

Saturated fatty acids

Back 39

no double bonds between carbons

-Animal fats are usually saturated because they're packed together tightly, and they're solids at room temperature

Front 40

Unsaturated fatty acids

Back 40

some double bonds in carbon chain

monounsaturated:
polyunsaturated:

Front 41

Amphipathic

Back 41

having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

Front 42

Phospholipids

Back 42

fatty acids bound to glycerol

--hydrophilic - the "head"

-hydrophobic - "tails" are fatty acid chains
-amphipathic

Front 43

Bilayer

Back 43

a structure that is two layers in thickness

-the phospholipid layer of membranes

Front 44

Vitamins

Back 44

Small molecules not synthesized by the body

-acquired in diet

Front 45

Waxes

Back 45

highly non polar and impermeable to water