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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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matter
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anything that occupies space and has mass
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mass
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the quantity of matter an object has
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elements
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pure substances that cannot chemically be broken down
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atom
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the simplest particle of an element that retains all the properties of the elements
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nucleus
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the central core of an atom; contains protons and neutrons
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proton
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a particle with a positive electrical charge
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neutron
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a particle without an electrical charge
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atomic number
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the number of protons in an atom
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electrons
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negatively charged particles; same number as protons making net charge 0
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energy levels
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the different levels of an atom containing electrons
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compound
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a pure substance made of atoms of 2 or more elements
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chemical reactions
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the combining of elements by causing atoms to become stable (chemical bonds are broken, atoms are rearranged, and new bonds are formed)
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bond
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attachment (chemical bond between atoms)
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covalent bond
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when 2 atoms share at least 1 pair of electrons
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molecule
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the simplest part of a substance; retains all the properties of the substance; can exist in a free state
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ion
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an atom with an electrical charge
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ionic bond
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the attraction between postive and negative electrical charges; excahnge electrons
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energy
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the ability to do work or cause change
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free energy
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energy available for work (energy not being used)
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states
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solid, liquid, gas; forms of water
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reactants
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the "ingredients" ; on the left side of the equation
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products
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the "outcome" or end result/ final product; on the right side of the equation
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exergonic reactions
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chemical reactions involving a net RELEASE of free energy (giving off energy)
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endergonic reactions
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chemical reactions involving a net ABSORPTION of free energy (using/taking in energy)
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activation energy
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the energy needed to start a reaction
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catalysts
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chemical substances that reduce the amount of activation energy needed
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enzymes
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a type of catalysts found in living things
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redox reaction
(reduction-oxidation reaction) |
a chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred between atoms
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oxidation reaction
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reactant loses 1 or more electrons and becomes postiviely charged
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reduction reaction
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reactant gains 1 or more electrons and becomes negatively charged
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solution
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a mixture in which 1 or more substances are unifromly distributed in another substance
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solute
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substance dissolved in solution
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solvent
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substance in which solute is dissolved in a solution (substance that dissolves solute)
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concentration
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measurment of the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution
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saturated solution
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a solution in which no more solute can dissolve
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aqueous solution
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a solution in which water is the solvent
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dissociation
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the breaking apart of a water molecule into 2 ions of opposite charge
(H2O -> H+ + OH-) |
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hydroxide ion
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the OH- ion formed as a result of dissociation
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hydronium ion
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H3O+ ion formed when the H+ ion left over from dissociation reacts with another water molecule
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acid
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when a solution has more hydronium ions than hydroxide ions (0 - 6.9); sour taste
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base (alkaline)
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when a solution has more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions (7.1 - 14); bitter taste, often slippery
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pH scale
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scale for comparing relative concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions in a solution (ranges from 0 - 14)
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buffers
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chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of an acid or a base added to a solution
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neutral
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neither base or acid; WATER (7)
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