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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gregor Mendel |
Father of modern genetics |
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Character |
Heritable feature that varies among individuals (flower color) |
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Trait |
Each variant for a character, such as purple or white color for flowers |
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True-breeding |
Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate |
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P generation |
True-breeding parents |
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F1 generation |
Hybrid offspring of the P generation |
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F2 generation |
When F1 individuals self-pollinate or cross-pollinate with other F1 hybrids |
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Alleles |
Alternative versions of a genes |
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Dominant/Recessive allele |
Dominant determines organism's appearance, recessive has no noticeable effect on appearance. |
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Law of Segregation |
Two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes |
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Punnett square |
Show possible combination of sperm and eggs, capital letter dominant, lowercase recessive PP Pp Pp pp |
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Homozygous |
Two identical alleles for a character |
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Heterozygous |
Two different alleles for a gene
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Phenotype |
Physical appearance |
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Genotype |
Genetic makeup |
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Testcross |
Determines the genotype by breeding the mystery individual with a homozygous recessive individual |
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Monohybrids |
F1 offspring produced, heterozygous for one character |
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Monohybrid coss |
Cross between monohybrids |
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Dihybrids |
Product of crossing two true-breed parents differing in two characters, heterozygous for both characters |
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Dihybrid cross |
Cross between F1 dihybrids, can determine whether two characters are transmitted to offspring as package or independent. |
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Law of independent assortment |
States that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation |
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Complete dominance |
Occurs when phenotypes of heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical |
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Incomplete dominance |
Phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypese of the two parental varieties |
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Codominance |
Two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways |
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Quantitative characters |
Vary in the population along a continuum |
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Polygenic inheritance |
An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype |
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Multifactorial |
Traits that depend on multiple genes combined with environmental influences |
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Pedigree |
Family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations |
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Carriers |
Heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal Most individuals with recessive disorders are born to carrier parents |
