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32 Cards in this Set

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What is the investigation of life at the level of its individual molecules.

molecular biology
What did James Watson and Francis Crick do in 1953?
they unveiled DNA's now famous configuration, the double helix
What is the technique called that a purified form of a molecule is bombarded with X-rays??
X-ray diffraction
Who were experts in X-ray diffraction and were also studing DNA?
Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins
Why did only Watson, Crick and Wilkins get the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1962?
Franklin had died of cancer in 1958 and they are not awarded posthumously
What are the three types of component molecules in a DNA molecule?
1) phosphate group 2) deoxyribose sugars 3) nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine or A, T, G, & C)
What is formed from the component molecules?
basic building block of DNA - a nucleotide
What is a nucleotide composed of?
1) phosphate group 2) deoxyribose sugars 3) one of the four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine or A, T, G, & C)
What does A pair with?
T
What does G pair with?
C
When you look at the double-helix's double handrails what fits with the sugar to form a kind of chain?
the phosphate (S and P and S and P...)
The connecting steps across DNA's handrails that form the staircase are composed of...
the bases which are paired accordingly
any two bases that can pair together this way is...
called complementary
What happens after DNA strands separate?
Each strand now serves as a template for the synthesis of a separate DNA molecule
What is the building block of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, consisting of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base.
nucleotide
What enzyme is active in DNA replication, separating strands of DNA, bringing bases to the parental strands, and correcting errors by removing and replacing incorrect base pairs?
DNA polymerase
What is a permanent alteration of a DNA base sequence?
mutation
What is it called when the DNA strands separate and serve as templates so that new DNA strands can be created by the enzyme DNA polymerase?
DNA replication
How do the base pairs bond?
via hydrogen bonds
What is a mutation of a single base pair in a genome?
point mutation
What is any cell that is not and will not become an egg or sperm cell?
a somatic cell
What is the succession of parent and daughter cells that ultimately produce either eggs or sperm?
germ-line cell
What is the cause of when the base G links up across the helix with a T (instead of its normal partner, C)?
a mutation
What causes DNA to mutate?
environmental influences or random, spontaneous events
What do the strands of the double helix serve as templates for in DNA replication?
new complementary strands
What is the group of enzymes that add nucleotides to a replicating DNA chain?
DNA polymerases
What is the mutation of a DNA base sequence called?
permanent alteration
How does the phrase "something old, something new" describe the method of DNA replication?
It is a short phrase to describe that each newly formed DNA double helix is a mixture of an old "template" strand and a new complementary strand
What fundamental question of genetics did Watson and Crick's discovery help anwser?
It answered the question of how genetic info can be passed on from one cell to the next, or from one generation to the next.
DNA polymerases can correct errors made in DNA replication.

True or False
True

It can remove a mismatched nucleotide and replace it with a correct nucleotide.
What is a mutation?
a permament alteration in a DNA base sequence
Are all mutations harmful?
No

most have no effect & a small number are useful to organisms because they produce new functional proteins