Biology Chapter 11 Penn Foster

Front 1

adenine

Back 1

one of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA

Front 2

anticodon

Back 2

three-base sequence in a transfer RNA molecule base that pairs with a complementary codon in mRNA

Front 3

biotechnology

Back 3

term that encompasses genetic engineering and other techniques that make use of natural biological systems to create a product or achieve a particular result desired humans

Front 4

codon

Back 4

three-base sequence in messenger RNA that causes the insertion of a particular amino acid into a protein, or termination of translation

Front 5

complementary base pairing

Back 5

hydrogen bonding between particular purines and pyrimidines in DNA

Front 6

cytosine (C)

Back 6

one of four nitrogen-containing bases in the nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA; pairs with guanine

Front 7

DNA fingerprinting

Back 7

the use of DNA fragment lengths resulting from restriction enzyme cleavage to identify particular individuals

Front 8

DNA ligase

Back 8

enzyme that links DNA fragments; used during production of recombinant DNA to join foreign DNA to vector DNA

Front 9

DNA polymerase

Back 9

during replication, an enzyme that joins the nucleotides complementary to a DNA template

Front 10

DNA replication

Back 10

synthesis of a new DNA double helix prior to mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotic cells and during prokaryotic fission in prokaryotic cells

Front 11

frameshift mutation

Back 11

alteration in a gene due to deletion of a base, so that the reading "frame" is shifted; can result in a nonfunctional protein

Front 12

gene mutation

Back 12

change in the sequence of bases in a gene

Front 13

genetic engineering

Back 13

alteration of genomes for medical or industrial purposes

Front 14

guanine (G)

Back 14

one of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA; pairs with cytosine

Front 15

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 15

type of RNA formed from a DNA template and bearing coded information for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

Front 16

mutagen

Back 16

agent, such as radiation or a chemical, that brings about a mutation in DNA

Front 17

point mutation

Back 17

alteration in a gene due to a change in a single nucleotide; results of this mutation vary

Front 18

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Back 18

technique that uses the enzyme DNA polymerase to produce millions of copies of a particular piece of DNA

Front 19

polyribosome

Back 19

string of ribosomes simultaneously translating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis

Front 20

promoter

Back 20

in an operon, a sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase binds prior to transcription