Biology - Chapter 11 - Tcm

Front 1

All nucleotides contain what 3 components?

Back 1

phosphate, 5 carbon sugar and nitrogen-containing base

Front 2

What are the 5 nitrogen containing bases of DNA?

Back 2

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

Front 3

Who are the two scientist who discovered the structure of DNA?

Back 3

Watson & Crick

Front 4

The bases Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) are purines with a ___ ring.

Back 4

double

Front 5

The bases Thymine(T) and cytosine (C) are pyrimidines with a ____ ring.

Back 5

single

Front 6

What are Chargaff's rules of DNA?

Back 6

Amount of A, T, G, C varies from species to species
In each species, A=T and G=C

Front 7

Franklin discovered through x-ray, that DNA is in the shape of what?

Back 7

double helix

Front 8

The pairing of A with T and G with C is called?

Back 8

Complementary base pairing

Front 9

The enzyme ______ breaks the hydrogen bond between the nucleotides in the helix.

Back 9

helicase

Front 10

The addition of the new strand using the enzyme called ____.

Back 10

DNA polymerase

Front 11

Any breaks in the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone are sealed by the enzyme _____.

Back 11

DNA ligase

Front 12

In Eukaryotes, DNA replication begins at numerous sites called ____.

Back 12

origins

Front 13

At each origin, replication ____ form, allowing replication to proceed in both directions.

Back 13

fork

Front 14

Around each replication for a replication ____ forms.

Back 14

bubble

Front 15

What does DNA stand for?

Back 15

Deoxy ribonucleic acid

Front 16

What does RNA stand for?

Back 16

ribonucleic acid

Front 17

What is RNA composed of?

Back 17

the sugar ribose and nucleotides

Front 18

What are the 4 nucleotides that make up RNA?

Back 18

adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C) and Guanine (G)

Front 19

What are the 3 types of RNA?

Back 19

Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Front 20

RNA is a helper to DNA allowing what?

Back 20

protein synthesis to occur

Front 21

RNA is single/double stranded?

Back 21

single

Front 22

DNA is single/double stranded?

Back 22

double

Front 23

What are the 4 common characteristics of DNA and RNA?

Back 23

Both are nucleic acids
Both are composed of nucleotides
both have a sugar-phosphate backbone
Both have 4 different types of bases

Front 24

DNA serves as a template for the formation of mRNA during a process called ?

Back 24

transcription

Front 25

What type of RNA carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm?

Back 25

mRNA

Front 26

What is the role of tRNA?

Back 26

transfers amino acids present in the cytoplasm to the ribosomes

Front 27

The amino acids are joined to form a protein in a process called _____.

Back 27

translation

Front 28

Who came up with the "inborn error of metabolism?

Back 28

Sir Archibald Garrod

Front 29

DNA is found only in the ____ where RNA is found in the ____ and the _____.

Back 29

nucleus
nucleus, cytoplasm

Front 30

Gene expression required two processes. Name them.

Back 30

transcription (nucleus) and translation (cytoplasm)

Front 31

What happens during transcription?

Back 31

DNA serves as a template for mRNA formation

Front 32

What happens during translation?

Back 32

mRNA determines the sequence of amino acids.

Front 33

___ assist ____ during protein synthesis by bringing amino acids to ribosomes.

Back 33

tRNA, mRNA

Front 34

Each 3 letter nucleotide unit of mRNA molecule is called a ____.

Back 34

codon

Front 35

One codon codes for a single _____

Back 35

amino acid

Front 36

Gene expression requires a two step process. What are they.

Back 36

Transcription and translation

Front 37

Describe what happens in transcription.

Back 37

- Primary mRNA forms from the DNA strand in the nucleus
- addition of a cap to one end
- addition of a poly-At tail to the other end
- removal of introns so only exons remain

Front 38

What are the 3 phases of translation

Back 38

Initiation
elongation cycle
termination

Front 39

During what phase of translation tdo the ribosomal subunits, mRNA and tRNA methionin complex come together at the start codon?

Back 39

initiation

Front 40

During what phase of translation does the tRNA at the P site pass its peptide to tRNA-amino acid at the A site and the tRNA at the P site leaves?

Back 40

elongation

Front 41

During what phase of translation does the ribosome move forward one codon and the codon at the A site is ready for the next tRNA-amino acid?

Back 41

elongation

Front 42

During what phase of translation does the mRNA reach the stop codon, where the release factor binds, the ribosome dissociates, the mRNA departs and the polypeptide is release?

Back 42

termination

Front 43

A ____ _____ is the change in the sequence of bases.

Back 43

gene mutation

Front 44

Chargaff's rules state that the amount of A, T, G and C in DNA what?

Back 44

varies from species to species and the amount of A=T and G=C

Front 45

DNA is said to be semi conservative because

Back 45

each new DNA molecule contains one new strand and one old one.

Front 46

Which of the following is not a feature of eukaryotic DNA replication:
a) replication bubbles spread in two directions
b) a new strand is synthesized using an old one as a template
c) complementary base pairing determines which nucleotides should be added to the new strand
d) each chromosome has one origin or replication

Back 46

d) each chromosome has one origin or replication - false

Front 47

What RNA contains an anticodon?

Back 47

transfer RNA

Front 48

What RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome?

Back 48

transfer RNA

Front 49

What RNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribsomes?

Back 49

messenger RNA

Front 50

What RNA is produced in the nucleolus?

Back 50

ribosomal RNA

Front 51

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is not true?

a) The genetic code is almost universal
b) The genetic code is a doublet code
c) Multiple codons may encode the same amino acid
d) Some special codons mean "stop"

Back 51

b) is false, the genetic code is a doublet code

Front 52

Transcription produces ____, while translation produces ____.

Back 52

RNA, polypeptides

Front 53

The application of computer techniques to analyze the genome is called ____

Back 53

bioinformatics

Front 54

If a DNA sequence were AATCGGTAT, what would the replicated DNA strand be produced?

Back 54

TTAGCCATA - opposite pair of the strand

Front 55

If a DNA sequence were AATCGGTAT, what would the mRNA strand be produced from the original sequence?

Back 55

UUAGCCAUA -Substitute U for A, A for T, G for C and C for G for A.

Front 56

If a DNA sequence were AATCGGTAT, what would the sequence of amino acids from the mRNA strand?

Back 56

From UUA GCC AUA:
Leu - Leucine - UUA
Ala - alanine - GCC
Ile - isoleucine - AUA

Front 57

Point mutation that changes one codon of a gene is:

not harmful, sometimes harmful or usually harmful

Back 57

sometimes harmful

Front 58

frameshift mutation that changes all following codons is:

not harmful, sometimes harmful or usually harmful

Back 58

usually harmful

Front 59

Movement of a transposon into the middle of a gene is:

not harmful, sometimes harmful or usually harmful

Back 59

usually harmful

Front 60

Point mutation that changes a codon into a "stop" codon is:

not harmful, sometimes harmful or usually harmful

Back 60

usually harmful

Front 61

Point mutation that does not change the amino acid specified by the codon is:

not harmful, sometimes harmful or usually harmful

Back 61

not harmful

Front 62

Which of the following is not useful in creating recombinant DNA?

a) restriction endonuclease
b) DNA ligase
c) RNA polymerase
d) plasmid

Back 62

RNA polymerase

Front 63

Genome comparisons may yield information about which of the following:

a) evolutionary relationships between organisms
b) changes in genes over evolutionary history
c) links between genes and disease
d) All of these are correct

Back 63

d) all of the above