Biology: Chapter 10 Notes

Front 1

What is DNA?

Back 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a double helix structure that is building block for all life.

Front 2

Who founded DNA?

Back 2

Watson and Crick, but actually Rosalind Franklin.

Front 3

What is DNA made up of?

Back 3

Nucleotides.

Front 4

What are nucleotides made up of?

Back 4

Phosphate, sugar, and base. Sugar is deoxyribose.

Front 5

How many nucleotides are in a turn of DNA?

Back 5

10

Front 6

What complementary bases go together?

Back 6

AT & CG

Front 7

What are the purines?

Back 7

A & G

Front 8

What are the pyrimidines?

Back 8

C & T

Front 9

Do purines and pyrimidines bond together?

Back 9

Yes, and the nucleotides bonded together make a double helix.

Front 10

What is replication?

Back 10

The process of making another DNA molecule exactly like the first.

Front 11

What part of the cell cycle does replication take place in and where?

Back 11

The "S" phase and the nucleus.

Front 12

What does enzymes do?

Back 12

Split the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides apart.

Front 13

What is the hydrogen bond breaking enzyme called?

Back 13

Helicase.

Front 14

What is it called when the enzymes stop the splitting on the stand?

Back 14

Replication fork.

Front 15

Where are the nucleotides?

Back 15

In the nucleoplasm of the nucleus.

Front 16

What do the base pairs do after?

Back 16

They will be paired up with both the original strands.

Front 17

What kind of bond is the sugar x phosphate bond?

Back 17

Covalent.

Front 18

After replication what does each DNA have?

Back 18

Each new DNA has one "old" and one "new" strand. The original strand acts as a template for the code.

Front 19

Can replication take place at more then one place at a time?

Back 19

Yes, up to 7000 times.

Front 20

What happens if there is a mistake in the code?

Back 20

It can cause a mutation if it isn't fixed. (1 in a billion.)

Front 21

What are some characteristics of DNA?

Back 21

Codes for genes, there are two strands, deoxyribose, ATCG, replication, only in the nucleus, and holds codes for our genes.

Front 22

What are some characteristics of RNA?

Back 22

There are three types(messenger, ribosomal, and transfer), there is one strand, ribose, ACGU, transcription, can travel out of nucleus, and gives codes to ribosomes to make proteins.

Front 23

What is RNA?

Back 23

Ribonucleic acid.

Front 24

What is uracil in RNA?

Back 24

It replaces the thymine that is in DNA. RNA has AUGC instead of ATCG.

Front 25

What are the three forms of RNA?

Back 25

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.

Front 26

What does messenger RNA do?

Back 26

Transmits info from DNA for use during the making of proteins outside of the nucleus at the site of the ribosomes. Pattern for assembly of our proteins.

Front 27

What is transfer RNA and what does it do?

Back 27

A single strand of 80 or more nucleotides folded in a hairpin shape and it binds to specific amino acids.

Front 28

What is ribosomal RNA and what does it do?

Back 28

It is present in the ribosome and it makes up part of the ribosome where proteins are made.

Front 29

What are the steps of protein production?

Back 29

1. mRNA attaches to a ribosome.

2. Ribosome starts reading the bases.

3. When it reads "AUG" it will start bringing in tRNA (AA.)

4. AA connects to form a protein.

5. Ribosomes stop reading at UGA, UAG, UUA.

Front 30

What is protein production?

Back 30

It is made up of specific sequence of amino acids, there are 20.

Front 31

What are proteins made of?

Back 31

Consists of hundreds or thousands of amino acids arranged in specific order.

Front 32

What is the genetic code?

Back 32

Contains information needed by cells for proper functioning, DNA ultimately stores this information in its base codes which are then given to mRNA.

Front 33

What is a codon?

Back 33

A specific group of (3) bases of mRNA, each codon codes for a specific amino acid using tRNA.

Front 34

What is the start signal?

Back 34

It tells the ribosome to start reading mRNA molecule & start making the protein.

Front 35

What is AUG?

Back 35

The start signal (methionine) & all proteins start with the amino acid methionine.

Front 36

What is the stop signal?

Back 36

Causes the ribosomes to stop reading the mRNA or stop the protein. UAA, UAG, UGA.

Front 37

What is translation?

Back 37

The process of assembling protein molecules from information coded in mRNA.

Front 38

Where are tRNA's located?

Back 38

Floating around the cytosol attached to specific amino acids.

Front 39

What are ribosomes?

Back 39

They are composed of mRNA and other proteins that are located in the cytosol and on the rough ER.