Biology Chapter 10 And 11 Vocabulary

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evolution

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Back 1

process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors

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species

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Back 2

group of organisms so similar to one another that they can reproduce and have fertile offspring

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fossils

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Back 3

traces of organisms that existed in the past

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catastrophism

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Back 4

states that natural disasters such as floods and volcanic eruptions have happened often during Earth's long history

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gradualism

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Back 5

gradual change of a species through evolution

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unifomitarianism

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Back 6

geologic processes that shape Earth are uniform during that time

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variation

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Back 7

difference in physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the groups to which it belongs

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adaptation

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Back 8

feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environment

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artificial selection

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Back 9

process by which humans change a species by breeding it for certain traits

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heritability

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Back 10

ability of a trait to be passed from one generation to the next

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natural selection

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Back 11

mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptions produce more offspring on average than do other individuals

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population

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Back 12

all the individuals of a species that live in an area

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fitness

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Back 13

measure of the ability to survive and produce more offspring relative to other members of the population in a given environment

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biogeography

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Back 14

study of distribution of organisms around the world

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homologous structures

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Back 15

features that are similar in structure but appear in different organisms and have different functions

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analogous structures

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Back 16

structures that perform a similar function but are not similar in origin

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vestigial structure

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Back 17

remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor

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paleontology

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Back 18

study of fossils or extinct organisms

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gene pool

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Back 19

combined alleles of all of the individuals in a population

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allele frequency

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Back 20

measure of how common a certain allele is in a population

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normal distribution

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Back 21

type of distribution in which the frequency is highest near the mean value and decreases toward each extreme end of the range

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microevolution

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Back 22

observable change in the allele frequencies of a population over time

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directional selection

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Back 23

type of selection that favors phenotypes at one extreme of a trait's range

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stabilizing selection

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intermediate phenotype is favored and becomes more common in population

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disruptive selection

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Back 25

occurs when both extreme phenotypes are favored, while individuals with intermediate phenotypes are selected against by something in nature

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gene flow

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Back 26

movement of alleles from one population to another

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genetic drift

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Back 27

changes in allele frequencies that are dye to change and causes a loss of genetic diversity in population

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bottleneck effect

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Back 28

genetic drift that occurs after an event greatly reduces the size of a population

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founder effect

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Back 29

genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area

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sexual selection

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Back 30

occurs when certain traits increase mating success

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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

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Back 31

very large population; no emigration or immigration; no mutations; random mating; no natural selection

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reproductive isolation

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Back 32

occurs when members of different populations can no longer mate successfully with one another

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speciation

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Back 33

rise of 2 or more species from 1 existing species

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behavioral isolation

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isolation caused by differences in courtship or mating behaviors

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geographic isolation

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involves physical barriers that divide a population into 2 or more groups

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temporal isolation

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exists when timing prevents reproduction between populations

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convergent evolution

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Back 37

evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species

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divergent evolution

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Back 38

when closely related species evolve in different directions, they become increasingly different

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coevolution

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Back 39

process in which 2 or more species evolve in response to changes in each other

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extinction

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Back 40

elimination of a species from Earth

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punctuated equilibrium

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Back 41

states that episodes of speciation occur suddenly in geologic time and are followed by long periods of little evolutionary change

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adaptive radiation

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Back 42

diversification of 1 ancestral species into many descendant species