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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the basic definition/ requirements of gas exchange? |
Gas exchange is oxygen in the body and carbon dioxide out. It requires Oxygen, Blood, and Lungs. |
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Name the 4 stages in Gas Exchange |
Breathing, External Respiration, Internal Respiration, Cellular Respiration. |
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What is the Breathing stage of Gas exchange? |
Air in= Inspiration, or inhaling and expiration, or exhaling. |
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What is External Respiration? |
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air in the blood and lungs.
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What is Internal Respiration? |
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood (Capillaries) and the cells in the body |
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What is Cellular respiration? |
Chemical reactions that break down glucose to release energy (ATP); these reactions use O2 and produce CO2
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Name the structures of the upper respiratory system |
Nose, Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Epiglottis, and Larynx |
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Name the structures in the lower respiratory system |
Trachea, Bronchi, bronchioles, Alveoli
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What does the Nose do? |
Air enters 2 nostrils. Hairs help remove and filter particles from the air |
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What does the Nasal Cavity do? |
The Nasal passages are lined with mucous membranes. Some cells secrete mucus and others have cilia. Some functions are Moistens air, warms the air, and traps foreign material.
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What does the Pharynx do? |
It is the back of the throat. The Pharynx Contains many openings, such as the eustachians tubes (connected to the ears), oral cavity, esophagus, and trachea.
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What does the epiglottis do? |
Found at the top of the Larynx. It is a muscular flap which prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing.
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What does the Larynx do? |
Found at the top of the trachea, the larynx is made mainly of cartilage and small bones. Contains vocal cords that stretch across the larynx to make sound. Also called voice box or Adams apple.
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What does the Trachea do? |
Leads from the larynx into the chest. It contains "C cartilage rings". It is roughly 12 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. It is lined with ciliated mucous membrane to move mucus and trapped debris up and out into the pharynx.
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What does smoke do to the Cilia? |
It causes the cilia to stop for 20 mins and increase the amount of mucus causing coughing and increases the risk of respiratory infection.
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What do the bronchi do?
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The trachea divides into two smaller tubes called bronchi. They are lined with cilia.
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What do bronchioles do?
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The bronchi divide into smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles
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What does the Alveoli do? |
At the end of each bronchiole, there is a grape like cluster of sacs called alvelous. This is where gas exchange occurs.
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What does the diaphragm do? |
Thin sheet of muscle below the lungs and is involved in breathing.
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What do the Ribs do? |
Protect the chest cavity
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What do intercostal muscles do?
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Muscles between the ribs that are involved in breathing |
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What is the Pleura? |
A membrane enclosing each lung and lining thoracic cavity. It maintains a thin fluid layer inside, to make movement in the lungs easier.
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What is Inspiratory reserve volume? |
Additional volume of air that can be forcibly taken from the lungs, beyond a regular or tidal inhalation. |
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What is Tidal Volume? |
Volume of air drawn in and pushed out by the lungs in a normal breathing movement. |
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What is Expiratory Reserve volume ? |
Additional volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond a regular or tidal exhalation. |
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What is Vital Capacity? |
Total volume of gas that can be moved in or out of the lungs
Tidal+Inspiratory+Expiratory= Vital Capacity |
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What is Residual Volume? |
Amount of gas that remains in the lungs and the passageways of the respiratory system even after a full exhale.
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What pressure does an increase of space cause? |
Negative
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How many oxygen molecules does hemoglobin carry? |
4
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What the average male and female vital capacity?
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Male 4.8L and Female 3.7L
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What 2 muscles control breathing? |
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles |
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What happens when you inhale? |
Your diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract. Your diaphragm goes downward, and your ribs go up and out. This increases the space in the thoracic cavity, creating negative pressure, causing air to be sucked into the lungs.
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What happens when you exhale? |
The diaphragm and intercoastal muscles relax causing the diaphragm to rise and the ribs to move inward. This decreases the space in the thoracic cavity, increasing pressure, causing the air to be forced out.
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What is the amount of breaths an average person takes per minute? |
12-25
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What does high CO2 and high O2 cause the brain to do? |
High CO2 causes the brain to increase breathing high O2 causes the brain to decrease breathing. |
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What is the molecule called that contains oxygen and hemoglobin? |
Oxyhemoglobin
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Whats spirometry? |
Identifies pulmonary disorders, the amount of air a person inspires and expires and the rate of breathing.
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Causes of lung cancer?
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Smoking and exposure of radon |
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Symptoms and physical effects of lung cancer? |
Chronic cough, coughing up blood, weight loss, loss of appetite, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fever without a known cause. Physical effect is tumor growth
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Treatment of lung cancer? |
Surgery to remove tumor, therapeutic procedures such as radiation or chemotherapy
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Pneumonia causes? |
Infection by bacteria and viruses
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Pneumonia symptoms and physical effects? |
Fever, tired, coughing puss (colored) . Effects- Aveoli become filled with inflammed and filled with fluid
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What are the 2 forms of pneumonia what what are the treatments? |
Bronchial and lobar
Treatments- Antibiotics, anti fungal's, and supportive treatment |
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Asthma causes? |
Developed- sensitivity of the lungs to triggers |
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Asthma symptoms and physical effects? |
Asthma attacks and
Effects- Inflammation causing narrowing airways, Bronchoconstriction, and Increased mucus production |
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Asthma treatments? |
Managed through medications. Anti inflammatory's and bronchodilator's. Puffer are either daily or emergency. |
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Emphysema causes? |
Smoking and other lung irritants |
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Emphysema symptoms and physical effects? |
Difficulty breathing
Physical effects- Aveoli become distended and damaged, decreasing surface area |
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Emphysema treatment? |
Stop smoking, start exercising, and supplemental oxygen
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