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38 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What molecules control normal cell division?
external signal molecules and internal signals.
What is an example of an external signal molecule?
Growth factors.
What is an example of a growth factor?
EGF (epidermal growth factors)
BGF (brain-derived growth factors)
What is an example of an internal signal molecule?
Cyclins
What are cyclins and how/where are they produced?
Your cells produce these proteins on ribosomes during the G1 phase
What happens when enough cyclins are produced?
It triggers the cell to enter the S phase
What happens when the cell grows out of control?
a tumor results
What is a tumor?
a mass of cells that is cycling too quickly.
How do tumors develop?
mutated proteins from mutated genes
What are benign tumors?
they stay in the local area
What is a malignant tumor?
cells spread to other tissues via the bloodstream
What are treatments that can be used for cancer?
surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
What happens during radiation?
The tumor is exposed to very high energy levels
What happens during chemotherapy?
toxic compounds bond to the nutotic spindle
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cells death
What is differentiation?
stem cells turn on specific sets of genes and become specific tissue types
What are totipotent stem cells?
Can become any tissue type
What is an example of a totipotent stem cell?
embryonic stem cells
What are pluripotent stem cells?
Can become any cell of a particular organ.
What is an example of a pluripotent stem cell?
stomach stem cells can become muscle cells for the stomach or acid secreting cells
What is one use of a stem cell?
can create new heart muscle cells using bone marrow stem cells from the SAME PERSON.
What is the most important characteristic of living things?
Reproduction
What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?
Genetic diversity
Where are a prokaryote's DNA molecules located?
Cytoplasm
How many DNA chromosomes do prokaryote's contain?
one
What happens during the cell cycle?
A cell grows, prepares for division, and divides forming two daughter cells
When do prokaryotes start the cell cycle?
When the cell reaches a certain size
What is the G1 phase?
cell growth. They grow in size
What is the S phase?
DNA replication. new DNA molecules are synthesized
What is the G2 phase?
When many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced
What is the M phase?
Mitosis and cytokinesis
What is prophase?
duplicated chromosomes become visible
What is DNA attached to?
centromere
What is each strand in the DNA called?
Chromatid
What happens during metaphase?
The centromeres line up across the center of the cell. spindle fibers connect the chromosome to each pole
Wat happens during anaphase?
The chromosomes separate and move along spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell
What is telophase?
Chromosomes begin to spread out in a tangle of chromatin. nuclear envelope forms
What is cytokinesis?
splits the cell in two