Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What molecules control normal cell division?
|
external signal molecules and internal signals.
|
|
What is an example of an external signal molecule?
|
Growth factors.
|
|
What is an example of a growth factor?
|
EGF (epidermal growth factors)
BGF (brain-derived growth factors) |
|
What is an example of an internal signal molecule?
|
Cyclins
|
|
What are cyclins and how/where are they produced?
|
Your cells produce these proteins on ribosomes during the G1 phase
|
|
What happens when enough cyclins are produced?
|
It triggers the cell to enter the S phase
|
|
What happens when the cell grows out of control?
|
a tumor results
|
|
What is a tumor?
|
a mass of cells that is cycling too quickly.
|
|
How do tumors develop?
|
mutated proteins from mutated genes
|
|
What are benign tumors?
|
they stay in the local area
|
|
What is a malignant tumor?
|
cells spread to other tissues via the bloodstream
|
|
What are treatments that can be used for cancer?
|
surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
|
|
What happens during radiation?
|
The tumor is exposed to very high energy levels
|
|
What happens during chemotherapy?
|
toxic compounds bond to the nutotic spindle
|
|
What is apoptosis?
|
Programmed cells death
|
|
What is differentiation?
|
stem cells turn on specific sets of genes and become specific tissue types
|
|
What are totipotent stem cells?
|
Can become any tissue type
|
|
What is an example of a totipotent stem cell?
|
embryonic stem cells
|
|
What are pluripotent stem cells?
|
Can become any cell of a particular organ.
|
|
What is an example of a pluripotent stem cell?
|
stomach stem cells can become muscle cells for the stomach or acid secreting cells
|
|
What is one use of a stem cell?
|
can create new heart muscle cells using bone marrow stem cells from the SAME PERSON.
|
|
What is the most important characteristic of living things?
|
Reproduction
|
|
What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?
|
Genetic diversity
|
|
Where are a prokaryote's DNA molecules located?
|
Cytoplasm
|
|
How many DNA chromosomes do prokaryote's contain?
|
one
|
|
What happens during the cell cycle?
|
A cell grows, prepares for division, and divides forming two daughter cells
|
|
When do prokaryotes start the cell cycle?
|
When the cell reaches a certain size
|
|
What is the G1 phase?
|
cell growth. They grow in size
|
|
What is the S phase?
|
DNA replication. new DNA molecules are synthesized
|
|
What is the G2 phase?
|
When many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced
|
|
What is the M phase?
|
Mitosis and cytokinesis
|
|
What is prophase?
|
duplicated chromosomes become visible
|
|
What is DNA attached to?
|
centromere
|
|
What is each strand in the DNA called?
|
Chromatid
|
|
What happens during metaphase?
|
The centromeres line up across the center of the cell. spindle fibers connect the chromosome to each pole
|
|
Wat happens during anaphase?
|
The chromosomes separate and move along spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell
|
|
What is telophase?
|
Chromosomes begin to spread out in a tangle of chromatin. nuclear envelope forms
|
|
What is cytokinesis?
|
splits the cell in two
|