Biology Chapter 1 The Scope Of Life

Front 1

What is biology?

Back 1

The scientific study of life

Front 2

What is life?

Back 2

The set of common characteristics that distinguish living organisms- seven main characteristics

Front 3

What are the seven characteristics that distinguish living organisms?

Back 3

1. Order
2. Regulation
3. Growth and development
4. Energy utilization
5. Response to the environment
6. Reproduction
7. Capacity to evolve over time

Front 4

Order

Back 4

All living things exhibit complex but ordered organization

i.e. symmetry in a pinecone

Front 5

Regulation

Back 5

The organism can adjust its internal environment despite a drastically changing external environment, keeping it within the appropriate limits

Front 6

Growth and development

Back 6

Information carried by genes controls the pattern of growth and development in all organisms

Front 7

Energy utilization

Back 7

Organisms take in energy and use it to perform all of life's activities

i.e. eating a fish then swimming

Front 8

Response to the environment

Back 8

All organisms respond to environmental stimuli

Front 9

Reproduction

Back 9

Organisms reproduce only their own kind

Front 10

Evolution

Back 10

Reproduction underlies the capacity of populations to change or evolve over time

Front 11

What has been a central, unifying feature of life since life arose nearly 4 billion years ago?

Back 11

Evolutionary change

Front 12

What are the 10 levels of life from largest to smallest?

Back 12

1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystems
3. Communities
4. Populations
5. Organisms
6. Organ systems and organs
7. Tissues
8. Cells
9. Organelles
10. Molecules and atoms

Front 13

Biosphere

Back 13

Consists of all the environments on Earth that support life

i.e. soil, oceans, lakes and the lower atmosphere

Front 14

Ecosystems

Back 14

Consists of all living in a particular area, as well as nonliving, physical of the environment that might affect the organisms (such as water, air, soil and sunlight)

i.e. a tide pool

Front 15

Communities

Back 15

All organisms collectively in an ecosystem

Front 16

Populations

Back 16

Grops of interacting individuals of one species within a community

i.e. a group of iguanas

Front 17

Organsims

Back 17

An individual living thing

i.e. one iguana

Front 18

Organ systems and organs

Back 18

An organisms's body consists of several organ systems, each of which contains two or more organs

i.e. a circulatory system includes a heart and blood vessels

Front 19

Tissues

Back 19

Consists of a group of similar cells performing a specific function. Each organ is made up of several different tissues

i.e. heart muscle tissue

Front 20

Cells

Back 20

The smallest unit that can display all the characteristics of life

Front 21

Organelles

Back 21

Functional components of cells

i.e. The nucleus that houses the DNA

Front 22

Molecules and atoms

Back 22

The chemical level of the hierarchy. Clusters of even smaller chemical units called atoms. Each cell consists of an enormous number of chemicals that function together to give the cell the properties we recognize as life

i.e. DNA

Front 23

Where do the interactions between organisms and their environment take place?

Back 23

In their ecosystem

Front 24

What are the two main processes that influence the dynamics of an ecosystem?

Back 24

1. The cycling of nutrients
2. The flow of energy

Front 25

The cycling of nutrients

Back 25

How nutrients are passed through the organisms in an ecosystem through producers, consumers and decomposers

Front 26

Producers

Back 26

Photo synthetic organisms

i.e. plants

Front 27

Consumers

Back 27

Organisms that feed on pants either directly (by eating plants) or indirectly (by eating animals that eat plants)

i.e. animals

Front 28

Decomposers

Back 28

Decompose waste products and the remains of deceased organisms, changing complex dead material into simple nutrients that are recycled

i.e. fungi and many bacteria

Front 29

Flow of energy

Back 29

Energy is gained and lost constantly in an ecosystem and is mostly gained through solar power captured and converted into chemical energy by producers

Front 30

Chemical energy

Back 30

Sugars and other complex molecules that is passed and decomposed through various consumers

Front 31

How is chemical energy lost from the ecosystem?

Back 31

Energy is converted to heat during energy conversions between and within the organisms which is then lost from the system

Front 32

How does energy enter and exit an ecosystem?

Back 32

Enters as light
Exits as heat

Front 33

How are humans disrupting ecosystems?

Back 33

Fuel burning and forest chopping change the atmosphere and the planet's climate

Front 34

What is the organism's basic unit of structure and function?

Back 34

The cell

Front 35

How to cells form new cells?

Back 35

By dividing

Front 36

Why is the cells ability to form new cells important to multicellular organisms?

Back 36

It is the basis for all reproduction and for the growth and repair of multicellular organisms

Front 37

What are the two major kinds of cells?

Back 37

1. Prokaryotic cells
2. Eukaryotic cells

Front 38

What are the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?

Back 38

1. Smaller
2. Simpler structure
3. DNA is concentrated in nucleoid region which is not enclosed by a membrane
4. Lacks most organelles

i.e. bacterium

Front 39

What are the characteristics of a eukaryotic cell?

Back 39

1. Larger
2. More complex structure
3. Nucleus is enclosed by a membrane
4. Contains many types of organelles

i.e. most forms of life (like plants and animals) are composed of these

Front 40

Organelle

Back 40

A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a eukaryotic cell

Front 41

What is the largest organelle in an eukaryotic cell?

What is it function?

Back 41

The nucleus which houses DNA

Front 42

DNA

Back 42

Heritable material that directs the cell's many activities

Front 43

What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

Back 43

All cells use DNA as the chemical material of genes, the discrete units of hereditary information

Front 44

What are the chemical names of DNA's four molecular building blocks?

Back 44

A, G, C, and T

Front 45

Where is a gene's meaning to a cell encoded?

Back 45

In its specific sequence of the four letters, which is often hundreds or thousands of letters long

Front 46

Genetic engineering

Back 46

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

i.e. diabetics can inject themselves with insulin

Front 47

Genome

Back 47

The entire "book" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

Front 48

Genomics

Back 48

A branch of biology that studies genomes

Front 49

Explain how diverse life is

Back 49

There is at least known 290,000 plants, 52,000 vertebrates and 1 million insects with an estimated total number of species ranging form 10 million to 100 million

Front 50

Taxonomy

Back 50

The branch of biology that names and classifies species

Front 51

What are the three domains?

Back 51

1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya

Front 52

What is the difference between the bacteria and archaea groups and the eukarya group?

Back 52

The bacteria and archaea groups identify two very different groups of organisms that have prokaryotic cells while the eukarya includes all organisms with eukaryotic cells and is divided up into further categories

Front 53

What is the category that is a division of the eukarya domain?

Back 53

It is divided in to three kingdoms: Plantae, Fungi, Animalia and Protists

Front 54

What characterizes the three kingdoms?

Back 54

How the organisms obtain their food

Front 55

Plantae

Back 55

Produce their own sugars and other foods by photosynthesis

Front 56

Fungi

Back 56

Decomposers that obtain food by digesting dead organisms

Front 57

Animalia

Back 57

Obtain food by eating and digesting other organisms

Front 58

Protists

Back 58

Any eukaryote that is not a plant, fungi or animal that are often single-celled (though certain multicellular forms as well) and microscopic protozoans

i.e. seaweed

Front 59

What are unifying themes of life?

Back 59

1. The universal genetic language of DNA
2. Evolution

Front 60

Charles Darwin

Back 60

A british biologist who published The Origin of Species which made two main points

Front 61

What were the two main points of The Origin of Species?

Back 61

1. The available evidence in support of the evolutionary view that species living today descended from ancestral species- "descent with modification"
2. The process of descent with modification is called natural selection

Front 62

What two important processes did Darwin regard as closely related?

Back 62

1. Adaption to the environment
2. Origin of new species

Front 63

What two observations helped Darwin reach his conclusion of natural selection? What was his exact conclusion?

Back 63

1. Overproduction and competition
2. Individual variation
Conclusion: Unequal reproductive success

Front 64

Overproduction and competition

Back 64

The first observation of Darwin's inescapable conclusion: Any population of a species has the potential to produce more offspring than their environment could support. This overproduction leads to competition among the varying individuals for resources

Front 65

Individual variation

Back 65

The second observation of Darwin's inescapable conclusion: No two individuals in a population are exactly alike

Front 66

Unequal reproductive success

Back 66

The conclusion of Darwin's inescapable conclusion: Those individuals with traits best suited to the local environment will have the greatest reproductive success. The very traits that enhance survival and reproductive success will be disproportionately represented in succeeding generations of the population

Front 67

Natural selection

Back 67

A process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than organisms with other characteristics; differential reproductive success. A mechanism of evolution

Front 68

Artificial selection

Back 68

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by humans

Front 69

Science

Back 69

A way of knowing based on inquiry

Front 70

What are the two main scientific approaches?

Back 70

1. Discovery science
2. Hypothesis-driven science

Often a combination of the two is practiced

Front 71

Discovery science

Back 71

About describing nature

Front 72

Hypothesis-driven science

Back 72

About explaining science

Front 73

What is the category that is a division of the eukarya domain?

Back 73

It is divided in to three kingdoms: Plantae, Fungi, Animalia and Protists

Front 74

What characterizes the three kingdoms?

Back 74

How the organisms obtain their food

Front 75

Plantae

Back 75

Produce their own sugars and other foods by photosynthesis

Front 76

Fungi

Back 76

Decomposers that obtain food by digesting dead organisms

Front 77

Animalia

Back 77

Obtain food by eating and digesting other organisms

Front 78

Protists

Back 78

Any eukaryote that is not a plant, fungi or animal that are often single-celled (though certain multicellular forms as well) and microscopic protozoans

i.e. seaweed

Front 79

What are unifying themes of life?

Back 79

1. The universal genetic language of DNA
2. Evolution

Front 80

Charles Darwin

Back 80

A british biologist who published The Origin of Species which made two main points

Front 81

What were the two main points of The Origin of Species?

Back 81

1. The available evidence in support of the evolutionary view that species living today descended from ancestral species- "descent with modification"
2. The process of descent with modification is called natural selection

Front 82

What two important processes did Darwin regard as closely related?

Back 82

1. Adaption to the environment
2. Origin of new species

Front 83

What two observations helped Darwin reach his conclusion of natural selection? What was his exact conclusion?

Back 83

1. Overproduction and competition
2. Individual variation
Conclusion: Unequal reproductive success

Front 84

Overproduction and competition

Back 84

The first observation of Darwin's inescapable conclusion: Any population of a species has the potential to produce more offspring than their environment could support. This overproduction leads to competition among the varying individuals for resources

Front 85

Individual variation

Back 85

The second observation of Darwin's inescapable conclusion: No two individuals in a population are exactly alike

Front 86

Unequal reproductive success

Back 86

The conclusion of Darwin's inescapable conclusion: Those individuals with traits best suited to the local environment will have the greatest reproductive success. The very traits that enhance survival and reproductive success will be disproportionately represented in succeeding generations of the population

Front 87

Natural selection

Back 87

A process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than organisms with other characteristics; differential reproductive success. A mechanism of evolution

Front 88

Artificial selection

Back 88

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by humans

Front 89

Science

Back 89

A way of knowing based on inquiry

Front 90

What are the two main scientific approaches?

Back 90

1. Discovery science
2. Hypothesis-driven science

Often a combination of the two is practiced

Front 91

Discovery science

Back 91

About describing nature; verifiable observations and measurements of data. Uses inductive reasoning to reach conclusions that summarize a large number of observations

Front 92

Hypothesis-driven science

Back 92

About explaining science; a process of scientific inquiry that uses the steps of the scientific method to answer questions about nature

Front 93

What is the scientific method? What are the 5 steps?

Back 93

A formal process of inquiry

1. Observation
2. Question
3. Hypothesis
4. Prediction
5. Experiment (revise if it does not support the hypothesis and/or make additional predictions and test them)

Front 94

Controlled experiment

Back 94

An experiment designed to compare an experimental group with a control group that ideally differ by only one variables

Enable researchers to draw conclusions about the effect of just one variable

Front 95

Theory

Back 95

Theories only become widely accepted in science if they are supported by an accumulation of extensive and varied science as they are very broad

Front 96

What are the two key features that distinguish science from other styles of inquiry?

Back 96

1. A dependence on observations and measurements that other can verify
2. The requirements that ideas (hypotheses) are testable by experiments that others can repeat

Front 97

Are science and technology interdependent or dependent?

Back 97

Interdependent