Biology Chapter 1

Front 1

Three basic themes

Back 1

Evolution, Information transfer, Energy transfer

Front 2

Study of life

Back 2

Biogly

Front 3

A double-stranded nucleic acid that contains the genetic information for cell growth, division, and function.

Back 3

DNA

Front 4

Three basic themes

Back 4

Evolution, Information transfer, Energy transfer

Front 5

the term means "little organs". As the body is composed of various organs, the cell, too, has "little organs" that perform special functions. They are membrane-bound compartments or structures of a cell.

Back 5

organelles

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(1) The cell of a prokaryote, i.e. an organism whose cell generally lacks a true nucleus. They have only a nucleiod region for its chromosomal DNA.

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prokaryotic cells

Front 7

Study of life

Back 7

Biogly

Front 8

1. The structural, functional and biological unit of all organisms.

Back 8

Cells

Front 9

the term means "little organs". As the body is composed of various organs, the cell, too, has "little organs" that perform special functions. They are membrane-bound compartments or structures of a cell.

Back 9

organelles

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(1) The cell of a prokaryote, i.e. an organism whose cell generally lacks a true nucleus. They have only a nucleiod region for its chromosomal DNA.

Back 10

prokaryotic cells

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1. The structural, functional and biological unit of all organisms.

Back 11

Cells

Front 12

Cell theory

Back 12

1.All known living things are made up of cells.
2.The cell is structural & functional unit of all living things.
3.All cells come from pre-existing cells by division, (i.e. Spontaneous generation does not occur).
4.Cells contain hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division.
5.All cells are basically the same in chemical composition.
6.All energy Flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells.

Front 13

(1) Having or consisting of only one cell.

(2) Pertaining to an organism whose functions are all carried out within one cell.

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unicellular

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Having or consisting of many cells or more than one cell to perform all vital functions.

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multicellular

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The cell’s outer membrane made up of a two layers of phospholipids with embedded proteins. It separates the contents of the cell from its outside environment, and it regulates what enters and exits the cell.

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plasma membrane

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Cells of or derived from eukaryote characterized by having a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus.

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Eukaryotic cells

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) The large, membrane-bounded organelle that contains the genetic material, in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules organized into structures called chromosomes.

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nucleus

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involves an increase in the size of individual cells of an organism, in the number of cells, or in both.

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biological growth

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The series of changes which animal and vegetable organisms undergo in their passage from the embryonic state to maturity, from a lower to a higher state of organization.

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development

Front 20

The process involving a set of chemical reactions that modifies a molecule into another for storage, or for immediate use in another reaction or as a by product.

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metabolism

Front 21

(1) The tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions, usually by a system of feedback controls, so as to stabilize health and functioning, regardless of the outside changing conditions

(2) The ability of the body or a cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium or stability within its internal environment when dealing with external changes

Back 21

homeostasis

Front 22

A detectable change, physical or chemical, in the internal or external environment. That which can evoke a response or has an influence on a system to act.

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stimuli

Front 23

hair-like projection on the surfaces of some cells and of certain organisms. (botany)

Any of the hair forming a fringe along the margin or edge of a plant structure
. organisms move by this.

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cilia

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organisms move by this. longer structures, some bacteria move by rotating this

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flagella

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Of, pertaining to, or relating to the state of sessility or the inability to move actively or spontaneously.

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sessile

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The adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, and structure of an organism to become more suited to an environment.

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Adaptation

Front 27

learning about a structure by studying its part

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reductionism

Front 28

characteristics not found at lower levels.

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emergent properties

Front 29

cells from tissues, tissues form organ, organs form organ system, organ system make up organism

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.

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all the members are population, populations of various types form community, community with its nonliving environment is an ecosystem. ecosystem can be small as a pond or big as great plains of america, all the ecosystems make up biosphere,

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.

Front 31

study of how organisms relate to one another and to their physical environment

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ecology

Front 32

the units of hereditary material

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genes

Front 33

Sequence of chemical subunits that make up DNA or RNA. there are four types of nucleotides in DNA.each three ispart of the genetic code

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nucleotides

Front 34

cells produce chemical compounds that signal other cells.

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hormones

Front 35

release by one cell of substances that transmit information to other cells.

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cell sigaling

Front 36

Any of a group of chemical compounds that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, y aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin.

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neurotransmitters

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large molecules important in determining the structure and function of cells and tissues. A molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. It can be distinguished from fats and carbohydrates by containing nitrogen. Other components include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and sometimes phosphorus.

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proteins

Front 38

cells capture energy released by nutrient molecules through a series of carefully regulated chemical reactions. A series of metabolic processes that take place within a cell in which biochemical energy is harvested from organic substance (e.g. glucose) and stored as energy carriers (ATP) for use in energy-requiring activities of the cell.

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celluar respiration

Front 39

synthesize complex molecules such as glucose from carbon dioxide and water. the light energy is transformed into chemical energy which is sotred within the chemical bonds of the food molecules produced oxygen is produced as a byproduct.The synthesis of complex organic material using carbon dioxide, water, inorganic salts, and light energy (from sunlight) captured by light-absorbing pigments, such as chlorophyll and other accessory pigments.

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photosynthesis

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the field of biology that studies the diversity of organisms and thier evolutionary relationships.

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systematics

Front 41

a subspecialty of systematics, the science of naming and classifying organisms.

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Taxonomy

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each species is assigned a two-part name. the first part is genus and second part is the specific epithet which designates a particular species belonging to that genus

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binomial system of nomenclature

Front 43

synthesize complex molecules such as glucose from carbon dioxide and water. the light energy is transformed into chemical energy which is sotred within the chemical bonds of the food molecules produced oxygen is produced as a byproduct.The synthesis of complex organic material using carbon dioxide, water, inorganic salts, and light energy (from sunlight) captured by light-absorbing pigments, such as chlorophyll and other accessory pigments.

Back 43

photosynthesis

Front 44

the field of biology that studies the diversity of organisms and thier evolutionary relationships.

Back 44

systematics

Front 45

a subspecialty of systematics, the science of naming and classifying organisms.

Back 45

Taxonomy

Front 46

group of organisms with similar structure, function, and behavior.

Back 46

species

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all the genes present in the population

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gene pool

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a taxonomic category made up of related species

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genus

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King philip can offer full gardening services

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kingdom phylum class order family genus species

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clade

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a group of organisms with a common ancestor

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a branching diagrom of tree of life

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cladogram

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unicellular,colonial, or simple multicellular organisms that have a eukaryotic cell organization.

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protists

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complex multicellular organisms adapted to carry out photosynthesis

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plantae

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do not photosynthesize but obtain nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes into food and then absorbing the predigested food. composed of the yeasts, mildews, molds

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fungi

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made up of multicellular organisms that obtain their nutrition by eating other organisms.complex sense organs, nervous systems

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animalia

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the reasoning that perates from generalities to specifics and can make relationships among data more apparent

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deductive reasoning.

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the reasoning that uses specific examples to draw a general conclusion or discover a general principle.

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inductive reasoning

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a tentative explanation for observations or phenomena,"if...then..." statements

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hypothesis

Front 59

a field of biology that builds on information provided by the reductionist apporach and develops large data sets, typically generated by computers.

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systems biology