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201 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Label all the numbers and letters
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1) Sensory receptor
2) Sensory neuron 3) Integrating center 4) Motor Neuron 5) Effector A) Spinal cord integrator B) Interneuron C) Central Canal |
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Label this spinal cord
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A: Gray matter, B: White matter, C: Spinal nerve, D: Denticulate ligament, E: Subarachnoid space, F: Subdural space, G: Dura mater, H: Arachnoid mater, I: Pia mater, J: Anterior median fissure, K: Central canal, L: Posterior median sulcus
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Most superficial layer of the meninges
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Dura mater
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Meninge that is composed of dense irregular connective tissue
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Dura mater
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space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal
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Epidural space
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What is epidural space filled with?
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Adipose and areolar connective tissues
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middle layer of the meninges
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Arachnoid
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Which of the meninges has an avascular covering?
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Arachnoid mater
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What is the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid matter?
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Subdural space
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What is the subdural space filled with?
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interstitial fluid
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What is the inner most or deep layer of the meninges
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Pia mater
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Which of the meninges is composed of a thin transparent connective tissue that adheres to the surface of the spinal cord
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Pia mater
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What are thinkenings of the pia mater that project laterally and fuse with the arachnoid and dura mater?
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Denticulate ligaments
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What is the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater?
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Subarachnoid space
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In adults how far does the spinal cord extend?
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From the medulla oblongata to the superior border of the 2nd lumbar vertebra
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How far does the spinal cord extend in a new born?
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from the medulla oblongata to the 3rd or 4th lumbar vertebrae
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What is a tail-like array of roots of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord?
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Cauda equine
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What is the non nervous fibrous tissue of the spinal cord that extends inferiorly from conus medullaris to the coccyx?
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Filum terminale
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Where does the cervical enlargement extend to?
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4th cervical vertebrae to the 1st thoracic vertebrae
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How far does the lumbar enlargement extend to?
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from the 9th to 12th thoracic vertebrae
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What is the name of the plexus that goes to the arm?
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Brachial
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Why does the thoracic have no nerve plexus?
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Those nerves go directly to their target without branching
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Define a reflex
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Extremely rapid response involving skeletal muscles in order to remove your body for obnoxious stimuli
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Are motor neurons ventral or dorsal?
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ventral
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Are sensory neurons ventral or dorsal?
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dorsal
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How can you tell if spinal nerve is dorsal or ventral?
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Dorsal side is a little swollen
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What are the four somatic spinal reflexes?
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Stretch, tendon, flexor, crossed extensor
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Nerves in the CNS are referred to as _____.
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tracts
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What defines a stretch reflex?
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Monosynaptic and ipsilateral
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What defines a tendon reflex?
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polysynaptic and ipsilateral
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What defines a Flexor (withdrawal) reflex?
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polysynaptic, intersegmental, and ipsilateral
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What defines a crossed extensor reflex?
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polysynaptic, intersegmental, and contralateral
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How many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord?
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31
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How are the segments of the spinal nerves based?
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location
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How many pairs of nerves are in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal segments?
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8, 12, 5, 5, 1
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What are roots?
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bundles of axons that connect the spinal nerves to the spinal cord
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What is a commissure?
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acts like a bridge, the horizontal part of the H
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Label the following parts.
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A: Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion, B: Lateral white column, C: lateral gray horn, D: Anterior gray horn, E: Gray commissure, F: Anterior white commissure, G: Anterior white column, H: Anterior median fissure, I: Anterior rootlets, J: Posterior (dorsal) root of spinal nerve, K:Posterior median sulcus, L: Posterior white column, M: central canal
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What are the regions that gray matter is divided into called?
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Horns
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What do the anterior or ventral gray horns contain?
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cell bodies somatic and motor neurons
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What do the dorsal gray horns contain?
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somatic and autonomic sensory nuclei
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What do the lateral gray horns contain? And where are they in the lateral horns?
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autonomic motor neurons, on the very edge
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Where are the lateral gray horns found in the spinal cord? What regions?
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thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral segments
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What are the regions that white matter is divided into called?
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columns
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What are the two principal functions of the spinal cord?
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nerve impulse propagation and information integration
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What does the name of a tract indicate?
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it's origin: where it begins and ends
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Information integration is used for what?
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reflex and reflex arc
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What are the four different types of reflexes?
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Spinal, Cranial, Somatic, and Autonomic
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Label all parts
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A: Spinal nerve, B: Epineurium, C: Fascicle, D: Perineurium, E: Axon, F: Endoneurium, G: Blood vessels
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What are the names of the two dura maters of the brain?
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periosteal and meningeal
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What is the outer layer of the dura mater?
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periosteal
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What is the dura mater that is connected to the dura mater of the spinal cord?
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meningeal
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What is the inner layer of the dura mater?
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meningeal
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What is the falx cerebri?
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located between the two cerebral hemispheres
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What is the falx cerebelli?
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located between the two cerebral hemispheres
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Where is the tentorium cerebelli?
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between the cerebrum and cerebellum
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What absorbs the CSF?
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Arachnoid villi
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What meninx has a lot of blood vessels?
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pia
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What structure secretes CSF?
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ependymal cells in the choird plexus
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What is a ventricle?
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cavity in the brain filled with CSF
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What is the choirod plexus composed of?
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cluster of capillaries surrounded by ependymal cells
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What is the tube that connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?
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interventricular foramen
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What is the tube that connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th?
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cerebral aqueduct
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What are the three holes that the CSF comes out of at the base of the brain?
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lateral aperatures and a median aperature
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About how many ml of CSF do adults have?
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150ml
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CSF is like plasma except that the CSF has _____________
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less proteins and more electrolytes
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What is a rami?
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spinal nerves that go short distances after passing through the invertebral foramen then break into branches
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What does the posterior (dorsal) ramus supply?
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deep nerves of the back and skin of the back
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What does the anterior (ventral) ramus supply?
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muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs and the skin of the lateral and ventral sides
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What does the meningeal branch supply?
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renters the vertebral canal through the invertebral foramen and supplies the vertebrae, ligaments, blood vessels, and meninges
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Which rami does not go directly to the body structures?
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anterior
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What section of the anterior rami does go directly to the body structures?
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T1-T12
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What are the names of the plexuses?
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cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
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What is a dermatome?
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area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via the posterior or dorsal roots of one pair of spianl nerves via cranial nerve V
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Which spinal nerve is not connected to a dermatome?
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C1
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What disease is caused be an acute infection of the PNS?
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shingles
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What virus causes shingles?
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Herpes zoster
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What does shingles look like?
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pain, discoloration of the skin and blisters
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What causes polio?
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poiliovirus
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What characterizes polio?
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fever, severe headache, stiff neck and back, deep muscle pain and weakness, and loss of certain somatic reflexes
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Does polio attack the PNS or the CNS?
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PNS
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Why does polio cause paralysis?
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poliovirus destroys motor neuron cell bodies
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What is meningitis?
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inflammation and infection of the menenges
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How is meningitis usually treated?
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antibiotic
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What is the branching inside the cerebellum called?
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Arbor vitae (tree of life)
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What are the two types of meningitis, and what is it caused by?
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spinal and cranial, bacteria or a virus
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How does CSF circulate?
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through equal secretion and absorption
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What are the three main ways that CSF contributes to homeostais?
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Mechanical, Chemical, Circulation
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When the CSF leaves through the apertures, where does it go?
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circulates through central canal and subarachnoid space of the spinal cord
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What does the internal jugular veins do?
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removes blood from brain
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What brings blood to the brain?
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internal carotid arteries
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How much of the body's oxygen and glucose does the brain use?
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20%
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Name the three components of the brain stem going from most inferior to superior.
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madulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
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What is a continuation of the spinal cord and contains both sensory and motor tracts?
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madulla oblongata
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What part of the brain stem contains descending motor tracts?
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pyramids
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What is a decussaton of pyramids?
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Where the pyramids cross over to the other side
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What do the olives of the brain stem do?
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send input to the cerebellum and relay sensory information on stretching of muscles and joints
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What is the most inferior part of the brain?
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olives
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What do the gray matter masses in the CNS control?
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vital functions
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Olives are composed of patches of _____ mater in _____ mater.
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gray in white
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What is the septum policium?
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separation of the left and right lateral ventricles
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What cranial nerves originate on the medulla oblongata?
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Vestibulocochlear VIII, Glossopharyngeal IX, Vagus X, Accessory XI, Hypoglossal XII
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What kind of neurons are ascending tracts made of?
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Sensory
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What kind of neurons are descending tracts made of?
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Motor
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What is a grouping of tracts called?
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Fasciculus
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What are the three vital centers?
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cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor
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What area of the midbrain controls respiratory functions?
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Pons
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What are the centers in the pons that are in control of breathing?
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Pneumotaxis and apneusitic center
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What is the name of the tracts that go from the pons to the cerebellum?
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Cerebellar peduncles
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What are the cranial nerves that originate in the pons?
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Trigeminal V, Abducens VI, Facial VII, Vestibulocochlear VIII (coclear branch)
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What are the tracts that go from the midbrain to cerebrum?
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Cerebral peduncles
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Where is the cerebral aqueduct located?
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Midbrain
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What does the red nucleus do?
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relays information for motor tracts
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What are the cranial nerves that originate in the midbrain?
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Occulomotor III, Trochlear IV
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Where is the corpora quadrigemina?
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the dorsal/posterior side of the midbrain
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What does the superior colliculi in the corpora quadrigemina do?
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contains visual relfex centers that coordinate head and eye movemnt
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What does the inferior colliculi of the corpora quadrigemina do?
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contains auditory reflex centers
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What is the function of the midbrain?
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integrates visual and auditory reflexes
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What is found in the brain stem that keeps you conscious and wakes you up?
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reticular formation
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What does the reticular formation do and where is it found?
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keeps you conscious and wakes you up, found in brain stem
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What is in the central part of the cerebellum?
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vermis
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What is the function of the cerebellum?
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voluntary muscle contraction and posture based on sensory data from body, gives you a sense of equilibrium
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What is the folia?
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grey matter which surrounds the arbor vitae in the cerebellum
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What structure relays information to the cerebellum?
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olives on medulla oblongata
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What do the inferior cerebellar peduncles do?
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transmit sensory information from vestibule of inner ear and proprioceptors to cerebellum (balance information)
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What do the middle cerebellar peduncles do?
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axons carry commands for voluntary movements
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What do the superior cerebellar peduncles do?
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axons connect cerebellum to red nucleus in mid brain and to several thalamic nuclei
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What part of the brain surrounds the 3rd ventricle?
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Diencephalon
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What secretes melatonin?
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Pineal gland
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Where is the pineal gland?
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diencephalon
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What is the relay center for sensory information on it's way to the cortex?
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Thalamus
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What allows you to discriminate from pleasant and unpleasant sensations?
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Thalamus
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What uses both and endocrine mode and a neurotransmitter mode to send information?
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Hypothalamus
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What are the four major regions of the hypothalamus?
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Mammillary, Tuberal, Supraoptic, Pre-optic region
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Approximately how many nuclei are in the hypothalamus?
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12
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Where is the mammillary region and what does it do?
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next to the midbrain in the hypothalamus - relay station for smell
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What region in the hypothalamus produces hormones?
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Tuberal
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What does the pre-optic do?
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functions in regulating a number of autonomic activites
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What are the elevated ridges of the cerebrum called?
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gyri
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What are the grooves of the cerebrum called?
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Sulci
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What does the ANS depend on to keep working?
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sensory afferent input from receptors and efferent motor output to effectors
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What regulates the autonomic nervous system?
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Hypothalamus and the brain stem
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What are the 12 cranial nerves in order?
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Olfactory I, Optic II, Oculomotor III, Trochlear IV, Trigeminal V, Abducens VI, Facial VII, Vestibulocohlea VIII, Glossopharyngeal IX, Vagus X, Accessory XI, Hypoglossal XII
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What controls the learned motor skills?
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Pre-motor area
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What does the primary motor area do?
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permits conscious control of skeletal muscle
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Where is the primary motor area located?
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in pre-central gyrus of frontal lobe
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Where is the pre-motor area located?
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Anterior to the precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
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What is another name for Broca's speech area?
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Motor speech area
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Where is the motor speech area located?
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at the base of pre-motor area
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What does Broca's speech area do?
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produces impulses for muscle contraction necessary for speech
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What is another name for the primary sensory area?
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Somatosensory
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Where is the primary sensory area?
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post central gyrus of parietal lobe
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What does the primary sensory area do?
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receives info from skin and proprioceptor centers in skeletal muscles
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What allows you to ID the body region being stimulated?
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Primary sensory area
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What does the visual cortex of the occipital lobe do?
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contains primary visual center surrounded by the visual association area
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Where is the Wernike's area located?
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temporal lobe
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What hemisphere is the Wernike's area usually located?
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opposite Broca's
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What does the Wernike's area do?
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allows you to comprehend written language and auditory language, receives sensory info from eyes and ear
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Where is the auditory cortex?
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temporal lobe
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Where is the olfactory area?
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temporal lobe
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Where is the gustatory area?
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In the parietal lobe at base of the postcentral gyrus
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What goes on in the left hemisphere?
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language, analytical thinking, math skills, logic
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What goes on in the right hemisphere?
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motor activity, visual spatial skills, intuition and emotion, appreciation of art and music
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What are the 3 groups of cerebral white matter?
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commissure, corpus callosum, and basal ganglia
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What does the association areas of the cerebrum allow you to do?
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analyze and recognize sensory info then send info to motor area for a proper response
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What are the 4 areas of the association areas of the cerebrum?
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somatosensory, pre-frontal cortex, general interpretaton/gnostic, and affective language area
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What area is necessary for abstract thinking?
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pre-frontal
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What does the corpus callosum allow?
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communication between the two hemispheres
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What are the three different fibers of the corpus callosum?
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association, projection, the basal ganglia
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What allows you intense pleasure and intense pain?
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limbic system
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Strong emotions increase ___________
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memory
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Which neuronal system receives input from receptors of the special senses and is consciously perceived?
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Somatic Sensory Neron
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Which neuronal system innervates skeletal muscles to produce conscious voluntary movement?
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Somatic Motor Neurons
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What regulates visceral activities by either increases or decreasing ongoing activities of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands?
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Autonomic Motor Neurons
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What kind of responses cannot be consciously altered or suppressed?
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Autonomic
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How many neurons are in a motor pathway for somatic and autonomic?
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1 for somatic
2 for autonomic |
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In an autonomic motor pathway, where is the synapse?
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in the ganglia
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What kind of fiber is the pre and postganglion of the autonomic motor pathway?
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Pre is B
Post is C |
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Which is longer in the autonomic motor pathway, pre or postganglions?
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Pre
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Which division of the efferent ANS increases heart rate?
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Sympathetic
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Which division of the efferent ANS decreases heart rate?
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parasympathetic
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Where can the parasympatheric ganglia be found?
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very close or inside the wall of the visceral organ
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Where can the preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic NS be found?
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4 cranial nerve nuclei in brainstem and S2-S4 in spinal cord
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What does Cholinergic bind for?
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muscanin and nicotinic for ACh
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What does adrenergic bind for?
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receptors that bind for adrenalin
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Where is nicotinic receptors found?
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on dendrites and cell bodies of autonomic NS cells
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Where is muscarnic receptors found?
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plasma membranes of all parasympathetic effectors
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What enzyme inactivates noepinerphrine?
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monoamine oxidase (MAO)
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What enzyme inactivates norepinerphine?
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monoamine oxidase (MAO) or catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
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What does Alpha 1 and Beta 1 do?
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produce excitation
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What do Alpha 2 and Beta 2 do?
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cause inhibition
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What does Beta 3 do?
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increases thermogenisis (heat generation)
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what does an agonist do?
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binds to a receptor and mimickes the effect of the normal neurotransmitter or hormone
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What does an antagonist do?
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binds to a receptor and blocks the normal neurotransmitter and hormone
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Are most organs dual innervations?
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yes
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What does dual innervations mean?
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innervations by both sympathetic and parasympathetic
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What balances the use of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic NS
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hypothalamus
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Which is more dominant symp or para
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Para
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What are some examples of SLUDD type responses?
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any liquid that comes out of the body such as urination, lactation, salivation, etc
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What happens when paradoxical fear takes place?
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loss of control over urination adn defecation
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What enhances "rest-and-digest" activities?
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Para
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