Biology Ch. 9

Front 1

Genome

Back 1

The complete collection of an organism's genetic information

Front 2

Genes contain information for the production of __1__. The building blocks of genes are a set of four __2__ whose symbols are __3__, __4__, __5__, and __6__.

Back 2

1. Proteins

2. Bases

3. A

4. T

5. C

6. G

Front 3

Proteins are made up of a set of building blocks called __1__. In any given protein, the order of these building blocks is specified by the order of the __2__ that make up a __3__.

Back 3

1. Amino acids

2. Bases

3. Gene

Front 4

Proteins are produced by means of information encoded in DNA being copied onto a molecule called __1__, which then ferries information to a structure called __2__. At the structure, __3__ are linked to one another in the order specified by the __4__, that's resulting in a __5__.

Back 4

1. mRNA

2. Ribosome

3. Amino acids

4. mRNA bases

5. Protein

Front 5

Chromosomes

Back 5

DNA that has been divided and packaged into individual units

Front 6

Chromatin

Back 6

A molecular complex composed of DNA and associated proteins, that makes up the chromosomes of eukaryotic organisms

Front 7

Chromatid

Back 7

One of the two identical strands of Chromatin that make up a chromosome in its duplicated state

Front 8

Homologous chromosomes

Back 8

Chromosomes that are not exactly alike but have similar variations on the genes found on the number of any pair

Front 9

Karyotype

Back 9

A pictorial arrangement of a complete set of human chromosomes

Front 10

For any cell to divide, the DNA it contains must first double or __1__ so that both of the daughter cells that are produced will have their own complement of DNA. To look at this process another way, prior to cell division each of the chromosomes in a cell must __2__.

Back 10

1. Replicate

2. Duplicate

Front 11

Chromosomes are composed of both DNA and its associated __1__. In duplicated state, each chromosome is composed of two identical __2__.

Back 11

1. Proteins

2. Sister chromatids

Front 12

And human beings (and many other organisms) chromosomes come in pairs that are said to be __1__, meaning the same in function. The pairs rule in seen in women who have a pair of chromosomes that confer female gender, the __2__ chromosomes. Meanwhile men have one __3__ chromosome like women but one __4__ chromosome, which confers the male gender.

Back 12

1. Homologous

2. X

3. X

4. Y

Front 13

Mitosis

Back 13

Separation of a cells duplicated chromosomes prior to cytokinesis

Front 14

Cytokinesis

Back 14

The physical separation of one cell into two daughter cells

Front 15

Cell cycle

Back 15

The repeating pattern of growth, genetic duplication, and division seen in most cells

Front 16

Interphase

Back 16

Portion of the cell cycle in which the cell simultaneously carries out its work and, in preparation for division, duplicates its chromosomes

Front 17

Mitotic phase

Back 17

That portion of the cell cycle that includes both mitosis and cytokinesis

Front 18

Microtubules

Back 18

Protein fibers that are part of the cell's cytoskeleton or internal fiber network

Front 19

Centrosome

Back 19

A cellular structure that acts as an organizing center for the assembly of microtubules

Front 20

Metaphase plate

Back 20

Not a physical structure but instead is a plane located midway between the poles of a dividing cell

Front 21

Mitotic spindle

Back 21

The microtubules active in cell division

Front 22

Prophase

Back 22

Mitosis begins

Chromosomes take shape and the two centrosomes begin to move towards the cellular poles, sprouting microtubules as they go

Front 23

Metaphase

Back 23

Attachment and alignment. Microtubules attach to sister chromatids and align them at the metaphase plate

Front 24

Anaphase

Back 24

Separation.

Sister chromatids are moved to opposite poles in the cell, each chromatid now becoming a full-fledged chromosome

Front 25

Telophase and cytokinesis

Back 25

Chromosomes decondense; nuclear envelopes form around the two separate complements of chromosomes. Cleavage Furrow begins to show

Front 26

Cell division has two separable components; mitosis is the movement of a cell's __1__ into opposite parts of the cell, while cytokinesis is the physical separation of one cell into two __2__.

Back 26

1. Chromosomes

2. Daughter cells

Front 27

Mitosis and cytokinesis take place in the relatively short __1__ phase of the cell cycle. Meanwhile, a typical cell spend most of its time in the cells __2__, carrying out its normal function and duplicating its chromosomes in preparation for division.

Back 27

1. Mitotic

2. Interface

Front 28

In mitosis, the proportioning of DNA comes about through the separation of __1__, Each of which then becomes a fully functional __2__ and one of the newly-formed daughter cells

Back 28

1. Sister chromatids

2. Chromosome

Front 29

Binary fission

Back 29

Prokaryotic cell division

Front 30

Owing to their cell walls, plant cells cannot carry out __1__ in the same way that animal cells do. Plus, animal cells build a new __2__ and __3__ that run roughly down the middle of the parent cell, creating two daughter cells that then separate.

Back 30

1. Cytokinesis

2. Cell wall

3. Plasma membrane

Front 31

Bacterial cells are prokaryotes, meaning their cells have no __1__. In cell division, a bacterial cell's single chromosome duplicates and resulting daughter chromosomes attach the different site on the __2__, after which the cell divides into two. This process is known as __3__.

Back 31

1. Nucleus

2. Plasma membrane

3. Binary fission