Biology Ch. 5 Vocab

Front 1

macromolecule

Back 1

giant molecules

Front 2

4 main classes of macromolecules

Back 2

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Front 3

polymer

Back 3

a long molecule consisting of many similar of identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Front 4

monomer

Back 4

the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

Front 5

condensation/dehydration reaction

Back 5

monomers bonded through the loss of a water molecule

Front 6

enzymes

Back 6

macromolecules that speed up the dehydration process

Front 7

hydrolysis

Back 7

disassembly of polymers into monomers (water added back); reverse of dehydration reaction

Front 8

carbohydrates

Back 8

sugars and the polymers of sugars

Front 9

monosaccharide

Back 9

the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Molecular formula is generally some multiple of CH20.

Front 10

disaccharide

Back 10

consists of two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

Front 11

glycosidic linkage

Back 11

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Front 12

polysaccharides

Back 12

polymers with a few hundred to few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Front 13

starch

Back 13

a storage polysaccharide of plants; a polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers

Front 14

glycogen

Back 14

a polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but more extensively branched; stored by animals

Front 15

cellulose

Back 15

polymer of glucose, like starch but with different glycosidic linkages; a major component of tough cell walls; structural

Front 16

chitin

Back 16

structural polysaccharide; carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons

Front 17

lipids

Back 17

hydrophobic macromolecules

Front 18

3 major types of lipids

Back 18

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Front 19

fat

Back 19

large molecules assembled from smaller molecules (glycerol and fatty acids) by dehydration reactions

Front 20

fatty acid

Back 20

consisting of a long carbon skeleton, usually 16 or 18 atoms in length with a carboxyl group at the end, hence "acid"

Front 21

tricylglycerol

Back 21

three fatty acid molecules each join to glycerol by an ester linkage

Front 22

ester linkage

Back 22

a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group

Front 23

saturated fatty acid

Back 23

no double bonds between carbon atoms composing the chain, resulting in as many hydrogen atoms as possible bonded to the carbon skeleton; "saturated" with hydrogen; generally solid in form

Front 24

unsaturated fatty acid

Back 24

one or more double bonds, formed by the removal of H atoms from the carbon skeleton; kink in hydrocarbon chain wherever a cis double bond occurs; generally liquid in form

Front 25

phospholipid

Back 25

two fatty acids attached to glycerol; the third hydroxyl group of glycerol is attached to a phosphate group (negative charge)

-arranged in bilayers to form the basic membrane

Front 26

steroids

Back 26

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Front 27

cholesterol

Back 27

one steroid; a common component of animal cell membranes and is also the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized

Front 28

enzymes

Back 28

types of protein that regulate metabolism by acting as catalysts

Front 29

catalysts

Back 29

chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions in the cell without being consumed by the reaction

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polypeptides

Back 30

polymers of amino acids

Front 31

protein

Back 31

one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific conformations

Front 32

peptide bond

Back 32

the covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction

Front 33

denaturation

Back 33

the loss of a proteins native structure; biologically inactive

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amino acid

Back 34

organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups

Front 35

chaperonins

Back 35

chaperone proteins; protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins

Front 36

x-ray crystallography

Back 36

an important method used to determine a protein's three-dimensional structure

Front 37

gene

Back 37

unit of inheritance consisting of DNA

Front 38

nucleic acids

Back 38

a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. Two types - DNA and RNA

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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Back 39

provides directions for its own replication, directs RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis

Front 40

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Back 40

protein synthesis

Front 41

polynuleotides

Back 41

agh!

Front 42

nucleotides

Back 42

monomers composed of three parts: nitrogenous base, a pentose (five-carbon sugar), and a phosphate

Front 43

nucleoside

Back 43

portion of nucleotide without the phosphate

Front 44

the two families of nitrogenous bases

Back 44

pyrimidines and purines

Front 45

pyrimidine

Back 45

has a 6-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)

Front 46

purines

Back 46

larger than pyrimidines, six membered ring fused to a five membered ring

adenine (A) and guanine (g)

Front 47

ribose

Back 47

the pentose connected to the nitrogenous base in the nucleotides of RNA

Front 48

deoxyribose

Back 48

the pentose connected to the nitrogenous base in the nucleotides of DNA

Front 49

double helix

Back 49

shape of DNA, two polynucleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis

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antiparallel

Back 50

the opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix