Biology Ch 4 Cell Structure And Function

Front 1

Plasma Membrane/cell membrane

Back 1

cell’s outer boundary
made of double layer phopholipids

Front 2

Functions of plasma membrane

Back 2

1.acts as a barrier- all materials must enter and exit through this
2.allows separation of internal cell functions from the environment
3. protection

Front 3

Cytoplasm

Back 3

region within the plasma membrane – includes the fluid (cytosol), cytoskeleton, and all the organelles except not the nucleus

Front 4

Nucleus

Back 4

membrane bound organelle that contains the cell’s DNA. In eukaryotic cell the nucleus controls most of the cell’s function

Front 5

PROKARYOTE CELL

Back 5

(pro-before, karyose-to mean nucleus) A cell type with no membrane bound nucleus. Instead the genetic material, DNA, is contained within an area of the cell known as the nucleoid. Also a prokaryote cell lacks membrane bound organelles. A prokaryotic cell is much smaller than an eukaryotic cell. A prokaryotic cell has a cell membrane and cell wall.

Front 6

EUKARYOTE CELL
(eu- true, karyote-nucleus)

Back 6

A cell type with both a nucleus, and membrane bound organelles. It is much larger than a prokaryotic cell. Animal eukaryotic cells have only a cell membrane. Plant eukaryotic cells have both a cell membrane and cell wall.

Front 7

Mitochondria
(singular mitochondrion, plural mitochondria)

Back 7

tiny double membrane organelles that transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP
Inner membrane of the mitochondrion has many folds, cristae, that contain proteins that carry out energy harvesting chemical reactions

Front 8

ATP
(adenosine triphosphate)

Back 8

powers most of the cell’s chemical reactions

Front 9

Ribosomes

Back 9

organelles made of protein and RNA that direct protein synthesis which takes place in the cytoplasm

Front 10

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Back 10

ER- system of membranous tubes and sacs ( the cisternae), intracellular highway along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another. Amount of ER will vary depending on the cell’s activities. 2 types of ER- rough and smooth, both thought to be continuous.

Front 11

Rough ER

Back 11

covered with ribosomes, produces phospholipids and proteins, most abundant in cells that produce large amounts of protein for export such as cells in digestive glands

Front 12

Smooth ER

Back 12

lacks ribosomes, less smooth ER than rough ER, builds lipids, such as cholesterol
Example cells in the ovary produce estrogen, and cells in the testes produce testosterone

Front 13

Golgi apparatus

Back 13

System of flattened membranous sacs that receive vesicles from the ER containing freshly manufactured proteins or lipids. The vesicles travel along the folds of the golgi appartus transporting substances as they go, along the way modifications are made to the substances (carbohydrates can be added to proteins or lipids altered in a way that directs them to their intended destination within the cell)

Front 14

Cilia (pl) Cilium (sing.)

Back 14

hairlike structure that extend from the surface of the cell, assist in movement
Short, present in large numbers: in the inner ear, cilia on surface of cells detect the vibrations of sound; found on the surface of protists (paramecium)- the oars propelling the

Front 15

Flagella (pl) Flagellum (sing)

Back 15

much longer and fewer in number than cilia. Can propel or move a cell (ex: the human sperm cell)

Front 16

Name something cilia and flagella have in common

Back 16

Both cilium and flagellum have an outer membrane and a characteristic internal stucture of nine pairs of microtubules around two central tubules (wheel spoke or 9 +2 arrangement)

Front 17

Centrioles

Back 17

only found in animal cells, consist of two short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other, situated in the cytoplasm near the nucleus, responsible for organizing the microtubules which pull the chromosomes apart during cell division.

Front 18

Cell Wall

Back 18

( forms a stiff box around a plant cell) - rigid layer made of a matrix of proteins and carbohydrates, including cellulose, that lies outside the cell’s plasma membrane.

Front 19

Central vacuole

Back 19

large fluid filled organelle that stores water ,enzymes, metabolic wastes, and other material. It forms as other smaller vacuoles fuse together. Can expand and shrink based on the presence of water. Central vacuoles can make up 90% of the plant cell’s volume and can push all of the other organelles into a thin layer against the plasma membrane ( lack of water and wilting in plant)

Front 20

Plastids

Back 20

organelle (that like the mitochondria) are surrounded by a double membrane, contain their own DNA

Front 21

Name 2 types of plastids

Back 21

1. chloroplasts
2. chromoplasts

Front 22

Chloroplast
(chloro=green)

Back 22

found in plants only, uselight energy to make carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O

Front 23

Chromoplasts
(chromo=color)

Back 23

plastids that contain colorful pigments that may or may not take part in photosyntesis

Front 24

Vesicles

Back 24

small, spherical, single membrane sacs that accompolish various tasks within the cell.

Front 25

lysosomes

Back 25

vesicles that bud from the Golgi and contain digestive enzymes that are used to break down large molecules including old organelles (autophagy), and breaking down old or damaged cells (autolysis)

Front 26

Name something cilia and flagella have in common

Back 26

Both cilium and flagellum have an outer membrane and a characteristic internal stucture of nine pairs of microtubules around two central tubules (wheel spoke or 9 +2 arrangement)

Front 27

Centrioles

Back 27

only found in animal cells, consist of two short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other, situated in the cytoplasm near the nucleus, responsible for organizing the microtubules which pull the chromosomes apart during cell division.

Front 28

Cell Wall

Back 28

( forms a stiff box around a plant cell) - rigid layer made of a matrix of proteins and carbohydrates, including cellulose, that lies outside the cell’s plasma membrane.

Front 29

Central vacuole

Back 29

large fluid filled organelle that stores water ,enzymes, metabolic wastes, and other material. It forms as other smaller vacuoles fuse together. Can expand and shrink based on the presence of water. Central vacuoles can make up 90% of the plant cell’s volume and can push all of the other organelles into a thin layer against the plasma membrane ( lack of water and wilting in plant)

Front 30

Plastids

Back 30

organelle (that like the mitochondria) are surrounded by a double membrane, contain their own DNA

Front 31

Name 2 types of plastids

Back 31

1. chloroplasts
2. chromoplasts

Front 32

Chloroplast
(chloro=green)

Back 32

found in plants only, uselight energy to make carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O

Front 33

Chromoplasts
(chromo=color)

Back 33

plastids that contain colorful pigments that may or may not take part in photosyntesis

Front 34

Vesicles

Back 34

small, spherical, single membrane sacs that accompolish various tasks within the cell.

Front 35

lysosomes

Back 35

vesicles that bud from the Golgi and contain digestive enzymes that are used to break down large molecules including old organelles (autophagy), and breaking down old or damaged cells (autolysis)

Front 36

Name 6 types of vesicles

Back 36

lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Glyoxysomes
Endosomes
Food vacuoles
Contractile vacuoles

Front 37

AUTOPHAGY

Back 37

the breakdown of old organelles within lysosomes

Front 38

AUTOLYSIS

Back 38

the breakdown of old cells within lysosomes

Front 39

Peroxisomes

Back 39

vesicles that contain enzymes not produced by the Golgi. Named for the fact that their functions produce the byproduct of hydrogen peroxide.

Front 40

Where are peroxisomes common?

Back 40

Peroxisomes are common in liver and kidney cells where they function to neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol, drugs and medications. They can also break down fatty acids to be used as an energy source for mitochondria.

Front 41

Glyoxysomes

Back 41

found in the seeds of some plants, function to break down stored fats to provide energy for developing plant embryos

Front 42

Endosomes
(endo=within, inside)

Back 42

the vesicle that forms from cells engulfing material within the cytoplasm with the cell membrane, and then pinching the material off as self contained vesicle

Front 43

Food vacuoles

Back 43

vesicles that store nutrients

Front 44

Contractile vacuoles

Back 44

vesicles that contract in order to dispose of excess water in the cell

Front 45

Name 3 organelles specific to plant cells

Back 45

cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts

Front 46

Name 1 organelle specific to animal cells

Back 46

centriole

Front 47

Are lysosmes more common in plant or animal cells?

Back 47

Animal cells
plant cells tend to place most hydrolytic enzymes in the vacuole

Front 48

Is a vacuole larger or smaller in a plant cell as compared with an animal cell?

Back 48

It is larger in the plant cell- the Central vacuole

Front 49

Define Fluid Mosaic Model

Back 49

This model explains that a cell plasma membrane is very dynamic; the phospholipid bilayer behaves like a fluid more than a solid. Proteins and lipids within the membrane can move laterally within the bilayer, like a boat on the ocean. Because of this lateral movement the pattern or mosaic of the membrane is constantly changing. It is not static.

Front 50

Name the contents of a cell membrane

Back 50

PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER, CELL SURFACE MARKERS (GLYCOPROTEIN that identifies a cell), RECEPTOR PROTEINS,ENZYMES (a peripheral protein that assists chemical reactions inside the cell), transport proteins (help move substances across the membrane)

Front 51

name major differences between plant and animal cells

Back 51

1. plant cell centrosomes are simpler- they do not have centrioles
2.Plant cell has larger vacuoles, including the large CENTRAL VACUOLE that regulates the turgor pressure in the cell
3. Only plant cells have a cell wall, which is rigid because of a high content of polysaccharides (cellulose)
4. Only plant cells have chloroplasts- an organelle that contains chlorophyll(green pigment)
5. Lysosomes are more common in animal cells and are needed for intracellular digestion.
6. The peroxisomes of plant and animal cells differ in that in plant cells peroxisomes convert fatty acids to sugar, and assist chloroplasts in photorespiration. In animal cells peroxisomes protect the cell from the toxin hydrogen peroxide

Front 52

Name similarities between animal and plant cells

Back 52

1. Both animal and plant cells are eukaryotic cells (not prokaryotic cells)
2. Both have cell membranes.
3. Both have the common organelles of nucleus, Golgi, mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, cilia, and flagella

Front 53

List SIMILARITIES between
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC cells

Back 53

1. both have DNA
2. both have cell membrane
3. both have ribosomes
4. both have similar basic metabolism
5. both have amazingly diverse forms

Front 54

list DIFFERENCES between
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC cells

Back 54

1. eukaryotes have a nucleus, prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, but rather it's DNA is stored in area termed nucleoid
2. eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles; prokaryotes do not. The presence of the organelles allow the eukaryotes to have much higher levels of intracellular division of labor than possible with the prokaryotes
3. eukaryotic cells are much larger than the prokaryotic cells ( approx. 10x)
4. The DNA of eukaryotes is much more complex and extensive than the DNA of a prokaryote.
5. Prokaryotes always have a cell wall. Eukaryotes may have cell wall (plant cells) or may not (animal cells).
The cell wall of a prokaryote contains peptidoglycan (large polymer of amino acids and sugar). Peptidoglycan is not found in an eukaryotic cell wall.
6. Eukaryotes undergo mitosis. Prokaryotes divide by simple cell division, binary fission.