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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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polar molecule
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opposite ends of the molecule have opposite charges
(water) |
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cohesion
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the binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds
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adhesion
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the clinging of one substance to another
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surface tension
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a measure of how difficult if is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
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kinetic energy
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energy of motion
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heat
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a measure of the total amount of KE due to molecular motion of a body of matter
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temperature
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measures the intensity of heat due to the average KE of the molecules
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Joule (J)
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another energy unit
= 0.239cal |
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calorie (cal)
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the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1*C
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kilocalorie (kcal)
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the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1*C
(actual "calories on food packages") |
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specific heat
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the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1*C
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heat of vaporization
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the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from liquid to gas
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evaporative cooling
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as a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down
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solution
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a liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture of two or more substances
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solvent
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the dissolving agent
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solute
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the substance that is dissolved
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aqueous solution
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a solution that has water as the solvent
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hydration shell
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the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion in an aqueous solution
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hydrophilic substance
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any substance that has an affinity for water, whether ionic or polar
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hydrophobic substance
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any substance that seems to repel water, may be nonionic or nonpolar
ex. oil |
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colloid
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a stable suspension of fine particles in a lquid
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molecular mass
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the sum of all the masses of all the molecules in a molecule
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mole (mol)
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an exact number of objects - Avogadro's number = 6.022 x 10^23
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Molarity
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the number of moles of solute per liter of a solution, unit of concentration
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hydrogen ion
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a single proton with a charge of 1+
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hydroxide ion
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the water molecule that lost a proton (OH-), with a charge of 1-
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acid
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a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
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base
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a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
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pH
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the negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration
= -log[H+] |
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buffers
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substances that minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution
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acid precipitation
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rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower or more acidic than 5.6
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