Biology Ch. 3

Front 1

consists of all life on earth and all parts of the earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere

Back 1

biosphere

Front 2

The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and between organisms and their physical environment

Back 2

ecology

Front 3

a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

Back 3

species

Front 4

a group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Back 4

population

Front 5

An assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area

Back 5

community

Front 6

a group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms

Back 6

biome

Front 7

our entire planet, with all its organisms and physical environments

Back 7

biosphere

Front 8

biological influences on organisms

Back 8

biotic factors

Front 9

physical components of an ecosystem

Back 9

abiotic factors

Front 10

What are the three methods ecologist use in their work?

Back 10

observation, experiementation, and modeling

Front 11

organisms that capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and convert it into forms that livinig cells can use for energy

Back 11

autotroph or primary producer

Front 12

the process of capturing light energy and using it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy

Back 12

Photosynthesis

Front 13

the process where chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates

Back 13

Chemosynthesis

Front 14

animals that acquire energy fromm other organisms by ingesting them in one way or another

Back 14

hereotrophs or consumers

Front 15

animals that kill and eat other animals not plants

Back 15

carnivores

Front 16

animals that obtain energy and nutrients from only eating plants

Back 16

herbivores

Front 17

animals that consume the carcasses of other animals that have been killed or died

Back 17

scavengers

Front 18

animals that eat both plants and animals

Back 18

omnivores

Front 19

animals that feed by chemically breaking down organic matter

Back 19

decomposers

Front 20

animals that feed on detritus particles, often chewing or grinding them into even smaller pieces

Back 20

detritivores

Front 21

energy flows through an ecosystem in a one-way stream, from _________ to _________

Back 21

primary producers, consumers

Front 22

a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Back 22

food chain

Front 23

a mixture of floating algae that are primary producers

Back 23

phytoplankton

Front 24

a complex diagram that shows the many options an animal has when choosing what to eat

Back 24

food web

Front 25

a diverse group of small, swimming animals

Back 25

zooplankton

Front 26

Each step in a food chain or food web

Back 26

trophic level

Front 27

a diagram that shows the relative amount of energy or matter contained whithin each trophic level in a given food chain/web

Back 27

ecological pyramid or energy period

Front 28

name the organisms starting below the base of the pyramid

Back 28

light/chemical energy, primary producers, first-level consumer, second-level consumer, third-level consumer

Front 29

only _____ of the enegy available in one level is stored in the level above. This is called the ____________

Back 29

10%, 10% rule

Front 30

the totla amount of living tissue within a given trophic level

Back 30

biomass

Front 31

a pyramid that shows the amount of living organtic matter available at each trophic level

Back 31

pyramid of biomass

Front 32

A pyramid that shows the realative number of individual oragnisms of each trophic level

Back 32

pyramid of numbers

Front 33

unlike the one-way flow of ____, ______ is rcycled within and between ecosystems

Back 33

energy, matter

Front 34

elements pass from one organism to another among parts of the biosphere through loops callled ______________

Back 34

biogeochemical cycles

Front 35

this process consists of any and all activities performed by living organisms

Back 35

biological process

Front 36

this process includes volcanic eruption, the formation of rocks, and tectonic plate movements

Back 36

geological process

Front 37

this process includes the formation of clouds, precipitation, running water, and the action of lightning

Back 37

chemical and physical processes

Front 38

this process includes the mining for fossil fuels, the clearing of land for building and farming, the burning of forests and the manufacture of ferilizer

Back 38

human activity

Front 39

water cycle

Back 39

evaporation-condensation-precipitaion- runoff or "-"- percolation- absorption- transpiration-percipitation- run off

Front 40

the chemical substances that an organisms needs to sustain life

Back 40

nutrients

Front 41

carbon cycle

Back 41

CO2 in the air- trees doing photosynthesis- glucose released from trees- animals- CO2 in air from cellular respiration or "- "- the air from cellular respiration of trees or "-"- glucose- water- evaporation to the air again

Front 42

when bacteria converts nitrogen gas into ammonia

Back 42

nitrogen fixation

Front 43

the convertation of nitrates into nitrogen gas which is released into the atmosphere

Back 43

denitrification

Front 44

nitrogen cycle

Back 44

N2 in the air- plants like legume- roots- bacteria that makes it NH3 (ammonia)- more bacteria that makes it NO2 and NO3 (nitrates)- plant which assimilates it and makes amino acids, proteins, nucleotides, and DNA/RNA- humans- waste- N2 in the air

Front 45

the nutrient whose supply limits productivity

Back 45

limiting nutrient

Front 46

phosphorus cycle

Back 46

in mines- soil phophates- dissolved phosphates- geological activity washes phosphates to water- phosphate go to marine sediments- geological activity turns marinde sediments into rock- rock moves back to mine