Biology - Ch. 26

Front 1

Filaments

Back 1

Associations in the form of chains

Front 2

Biofilms

Back 2

A community of microorganisms embedded in a polysaccharide matrix, forming a highly resistant coating on almost any moist surface

Front 3

Peptidoglycan

Back 3

The cell wall material of many bacteria, consisting of a single enormous molecule that surrounds the entrie cell

Front 4

Gram Stain

Back 4

Separates most types of bacteria into two distinct groups, Gram-positive and Gram-negative

Front 5

Gram-positive

Back 5

Retain the violet dye and appear blue to purple

Front 6

Gram-negative

Back 6

The alcohol washes the violet stain out and these cells then pick up the safranine counterstain and appear pink to red

Front 7

Flagella

Back 7

Slender filaments that extend singly or in tufts from one or both ends of the cell or are randomly distributed all around it

Front 8

Binary Fission

Back 8

Reproduction by cell division of a single-celled organism

Front 9

Quorum Sensing

Back 9

A "counting" technique in which bacteria release chemical signals and can announce their availablility for conjugation by means of such signals. They can also monitor the size of their population.

Front 10

Bioluminescence

Back 10

The production of light by biochemical processes in an organism

Front 11

Obligate Anaerobes

Back 11

Prokaryotes that can live only by anaerobic metabolism because molecular oxygen is poisonous to them

Front 12

Facultative Anaerobes

Back 12

Prokaryotes that can shift their metabolism between anaerobic and aerobic modes

Front 13

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

Back 13

Cannot conduct cellular respiration, but are not damaged by oxygen when it is present

Front 14

Obligate Aerobes

Back 14

Prokaryotes that are unable to survive for extended periods in the absence of oxygen

Front 15

Photoautotrophs

Back 15

An organism that obtains energy from light but must obtain its carbon from organic compounds

Front 16

Photoheterotrophs

Back 16

Use light as their source of energy, but must obtain their carbon atoms from organic compounds made by other organisms

Front 17

Chemolithotrophs

Back 17

Obtain their energy by oxidizing inorganic substances, and they use some of that eergy to fix carbon dioxide

Front 18

Chemoheterotrophs

Back 18

Obtain both energy and carbon atoms from one or more complex organic compounds

Front 19

Denitrifies

Back 19

Bacteria that release nitrogen to the atmoshpere as nitrogen gas

Front 20

Nitrogen Fixers

Back 20

Convert atmoshperic nitrogen gas into a chemical form usable by the nitrogen fixers themselves as well as by other organisms

Front 21

Nitrifiers

Back 21

The oxidation of ammonia to nitrte and nitrate ions, performed by certain soil bacteria

Front 22

Lateral Gene Transfer

Back 22

The transfer of genes from one species to another, common among bacteria and archaea

Front 23

Koch's Postulates

Back 23

1) The microorganism is always found in individuals with the disease
2) The microorganism can be taken from the host and grown in pure culture
3) A sample of the culture produces the disease when injected into a new, healthy host
4) The newly infected host yields a new, pure culture of microorganisms indentical to those obtained in the second step