Biology Ch. 22 & 23

Front 1

Bryophyta

Back 1

- No vascular tissue, true roots, stems, or leaves
- No more than a few centimeters tall
- Sporophyte generation dependent on Gameotophyte generation
- H2o needed for sexual repro.
- Restricted to moist habitats

Front 2

Tracheophyta

Back 2

- Vascular tissue, roots, stems and leaves present in Sporophyte generayopm
- > a few centimeters
- Sporophyte is independent & dominant
- Gametophyte either dependent or independent
- H2o needed for sexual repro. [EXCEPT IN GYMNO& ANGIOSPERMS]
- Wide range of habitats
- Have the BEST evolutionary advantages

Front 3

Metaphyta

Back 3

The plant kingdom

Front 4

Examples of Byrophyta

Back 4

- Mosses
- Liverworts

Front 5

Examples of Tracheophyta

Back 5

- Ferns [Felinicea]
- Conifers [Gymnospermae]
- All flowering plants [Angiospermae]

Front 6

Alternation of Generation

Back 6

- life cycle in which a spore producing plant [Sporophyte] alternates with a gamete producing plant [Gametophyte]

Front 7

The commonly seen part of the ___ plant is the GAMETOPHYTE

Back 7

Moss

Front 8

The commonly seen part of the ____ plant is the SPOROPHYTE

Back 8

Fern

Front 9

The Gametophyte is these two plants are dominant and photosynthetic. Male and female gametes are produced on the same plant. They need H2o for reproduction.

Back 9

Mosses & Ferns

Front 10

This plant has large, dominant Sporophyte BUT it's Gametophyte is independent. It needs H2o and it's gametes are on the same plant.

Back 10

Fern

Front 11

In these plants, the Gametophyte is microscopic and dependent. Male and female are separated. Water is not needed for fertilization. They produced seeds and have large, dominant Sprophytes.

Back 11

Gymnosperms & Angiosperms

Front 12

________ has seeds containing endosperms.

Back 12

Angiosperms

Front 13

________ produce flowers & fruit.

Back 13

Gymnosperms

Front 14

Prothallium

Back 14

- Gametophyte in ferns

Front 15

Protonema

Back 15

- Gametophyte in mosses

Front 16

Antheridium

Back 16

- male reproductive structure, the "sperm" in fern & moss life history

Front 17

Archegonium

Back 17

- female reproductive structure, the "egg" in fern & moss life history

Front 18

Mosses & Liverworts

Back 18

- Byrophyta
- No vascular tissues or organs
- Gametophyte dominant
- Need H2o for fertilization
- Moist areas

Front 19

Ferns [Felicineae]

Back 19

- Tracheophyta
- Need H2o for fertilization
- Contains Xylem & Phloem
- Roots & leaves develop from the rhizome
- Sporophyte dominant
- Multicellular gametophyte
- Moist areas

Front 20

Rhizome

Back 20

- underground stem in ferns

Front 21

Conifers (Gymnospermae)

Back 21

- Tracheophyta
- Pollen tube carries sperm
- Contains Xylem & Phloem
- Contains roots, stems & leaves
- Sporophyte dominant
- Has seeds & cones
- Wide spread areas

Front 22

Flowering plants ( Angiospermae)

Back 22

- Tracheophyta
- Pollen tube carries sperm
- Contain Xylem & Phloem
- Contains roots, stems & leaves
- Sporophyte dominant
- Has flowers & seeds
- Wide spread areas

Front 23

_______ have seeds & cones.

Back 23

Gymnospermae

Front 24

OBSTACLE: H2o & mineral nutrients are hard to obtain

Back 24

SOLUTION: Rhizoids & roots

Front 25

OBSTACLE: Transportation water throughout the plant

Back 25

SOLUTION: Xylem

Front 26

OBSTACLE: Transportation of food from manufacture sites to sites of use

Back 26

SOLUTION: Phloem

Front 27

OBSTACLE: Evaporation of H2o from surfaces exposed to air (Transpiration)

Back 27

SOLUTION: Cuticle

Front 28

OBSTACLE: Obtaining gases needed for photosynthesis & respiration

Back 28

SOLUTION: Stomata

Front 29

OBSTACLE: Obtaining sunlight needed for photosynthesis

Back 29

SOLUTION: Leaves

Front 30

OBSTACLE: Supporting body in medium lacking buoyancy

Back 30

SOLUTION: Xylem

Front 31

OBSTACLE: Coordination of plant growth and plant response to changes in environment

Back 31

SOLUTION: Hormones

Front 32

OBSTACLE: Getting gametes together without reliable supply of H2o for sperm

Back 32

SOLUTION: Pollen

Front 33

OBSTACLE: Dispersing new individuals to suitable locations

Back 33

SOLUTION: Airborne spores

Front 34

Three features that distinguish all vascular plants

[**********]

Back 34

- Xylem
- Phloem
- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Front 35

Plant adaptations that allowed early land plants to reproduce without H2o

Back 35

- cones
- seeds
- pollen
- flowers

Front 36

Annuals

Back 36

- flowering plants that complete a life cycle within one growing season

Front 37

Biennials

Back 37

- flowering plant that completes its life cycle in 2 years

Front 38

Perennials

Back 38

- flowering plant that lives for more than 2 years

Front 39

Monocots

Back 39

- Single cotyledon
- Parallel veins
- Floral parts in multiples of 3
- Vascular bundles scatted throughout stem
- Fibrous roots

Front 40

Dicots

Back 40

- Two cotyledons
- Branced veins
- Floral parts in multiples of 4 & 5
- Vascular bundles in a ring
- Taproot

Front 41

Xylem

Back 41

- vascular tissue that carries H2o upward from the roots to every part of the plant

Front 42

Phloem

Back 42

- vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis

Front 43

transpiration

Back 43

- the loss of H2o from lead due to evaporation
- PULLING motion

Front 44

cohesion

Back 44

- attraction of like molecules; H2o molecules are POLAR
- PULLING motion

Front 45

adhesion

Back 45

- attraction of "unlike" molecules-- attraction of H2o to sides of XYLEM cells.
- PULLING motion

Front 46

root pressure

Back 46

- force exerted from roots as a result of H2o absorption
- cell in root are HYPERtonic to soil
- PUSHING motion

Front 47

root hairs

Back 47

- increase surface area

Front 48

Pressure-flow/Bulk-flow hypothesis

Back 48

- Plant nutrients move from an area of GREATER to lesser concentration of that nutrient
- Leaf presents are of higher concentration of glucose of sucrose

Front 49

Number of gametophytes is a fern?

Back 49

- one
- one has both atheridia and archegonia

Front 50

Number of gametophytes in a moss?

Back 50

- two
- atheridia and archegonia are seperate

Front 51

Number of gametophytes in a flower?

Back 51

- two
- pollen & ovules

Front 52

Alternation of process

Back 52

- between mitosis/meiosis/fertilization

Front 53

Alternation of chromosome numbers

Back 53

- between haploid/diploid

Front 54

In plant reproduction, what stage is between the diploid parent plant and the diploid young offspring plant?

Back 54

- a haploid gametophyte stage

Front 55

In plant reproduction, what cell division process is used to make the gametes?

Back 55

- mitosis, gametophytes are haploid

Front 56

double fertilization

Back 56

- in angiosperms

Front 57

Tissue types

Back 57

- ground
- vascular
- dermal

Front 58

Meristematic

Back 58

- dividing cells

Front 59

Apical meristem

Back 59

- tip of root
- tip of stem
- leaf shoots
- PRIMARY GROWTH (vertical)

Front 60

Ground meristem

Back 60

- pith
- cortex

Front 61

Dermal Tissue

Back 61

- includes the epidermis, endodermis, cork cells, guard cells & cuticle

Front 62

Lateral meristem

Back 62

- growth in width
- also known as "cambiun"
- dicots have permanent cambium

Front 63

herbaceous

Back 63

- no wood
- green
- annuals, biennial & perrenials

Front 64

woody

Back 64

- xylem = wood
- phloem = inner bark
- perennials

Front 65

endosperm

Back 65

- stored food supply in the seed

Front 66

monocot stems

Back 66

- scattered phloem & xylem & fibers & pith(storage)
ex: corn

Front 67

dicot stems

Back 67

- central vascular tissue
- bark

ex: sunflower, trees