Biology Ch. 18 19

Front 1

competition.
define competition exclusion principle

Back 1

b/c these 2 species are in competition w/each other, one will eventually lose and be excluded (cant forever stay in compet.) the other'll win. (loser will either move, change or become extinct.

Front 2

explain niche

Back 2

a species role in the community, resource requirements?, 'fit'

Front 3

define succession. what are the two types and define. diagram of small plants-->shrubs-->forest

Back 3

succession- changes to a habitat over time. 1. primary succcession-a community arises in a virtually lifeless area with no soil (evolves, takes many years, diagram)
2. secondary succession- (more common)- existing habitat is disturbed (fire, hurricane, flood-but soil is still in tact) and then recovers (recovery process=succession)

Front 4

what does the keystone species graph look like? what does it concur?

Back 4

# species by year, number of sea stars decreases GREATLY when another species is removed, but when the species is not removed the sea stars increase steadily. This explains biodiversity and sea starts, when species are allowed to live, and biodiversity is increased. if you remove one species the whole system crashes

Front 5

what are the communities within a 2ndary succession called?

Back 5

1. pioneer community- fast growing, >>> different communities, and then the climax community which is stable

Front 6

define ecosytem

Back 6

all organisms in a given area plus the physical environment including soil, water and air (a biological community plus the abiotic factors with which the community interacts)

Front 7

define energy flow, define chemical cycling

Back 7

eneg flow- the passage of energy thru the components of the ecosystem
chemical cycling- the use and reuse of chemical elements such as carbon and nitrogen within the ecosystem

Front 8

what is the diagram for a food chain? (there's marine and terrestrial) note: way more impt stuff in notes, pyramid, etc. study.

Back 8

Quaternary consumers (carnivores biggest)
^
Tertiary Consumers (carnivores)
^
Secondary consumers (carnivores)
^
Primary consumers (herbivore)
^
Producers (plant/plankton)

Front 9

what do food webs convey?

Back 9

the feeding relationships in an ecosystem (who eats whom)

Front 10

what 3 factors do the pyramid consider?

Back 10

1. sheer numbers (as you go up, food chain #s decrease)
2. biomass
3. energy -heat,e energy--process for making this eneg=cellular resp, and body structure (10% of cals go to this the others used up for heat/eneg)

Front 11

feeding relationships=....?
what do decomposers do and what happens to them on the pyramid?

Back 11

feeding relationships=trophic levels
decomposers break down dead things in order to recycle nutrients. as you move up the food pyramid, energy is lost as heat and used as energy for movement therefore the pyramid...

Front 12

Draw the diagram for the different trophic levels and their energies.

Back 12

tertiary consumers 10 kcal
^
secondary consumers 100kcal
^
primary consumers 1000kcal
^
producers- 10000kcal

picture: worm going into blackbird, blackbird going into eagle. the eagle does not benefit 100% from the worm b/c the blackbird used energy (flying etc)

Front 13

carbon cycle

Back 13

b/c of the reciprocal metabolic processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Front 14

define producers. what do they need?

Back 14

these organisms are able to 'produce' their own food from sunlight. they are linchpin. they need nitrogen cycle to get nitrates and nutrients released by decomposers and carbon oxygen cycle

Front 15

photosynthesis background info/eqn

Back 15

make food w/light
6CO2+6H20
-sun/cphyl---->C6H2O6+6O2

Front 16

define cellular respiration/eqn

Back 16

the process for transforming food energy (glucose) into chemical energy (ATP) for the body's use (process of making eneg within ea. cell--ATP molecule which is used to provide energy)

6O2+C6H12O6--->6CO2+6H2+ATP

Front 17

carbon cycle=manipulating carbon/oxygen... diagram?

Back 17

in notes...

Front 18

nitrogen cycle...why is it significant

Back 18

N2 makes 78% of our atmosphere, but plants cant use N2 it needs to be converted to by bacteria to NO3-(nitrates) this whole process is called nitrogen fixation

Front 19

climate? why impt..what does it control?

Back 19

-controls where things live, dictates plant life which dictates animal life..etc. (dictates biomes). dictates temperature, soil, amt. of water, amt. of sunlight--all these things control producers which control consumers.

Front 20

Biomes. (what is it like to be there?)
-tundra
-desert
-rainforest
-temperate desiduous forest
-taiga (coniferous forest)

Back 20

tundra- permafrost (perman. frozen subsoil) very cold temps, windy, little rain, similar plant communities that live on mt. tops
desert- dry, see cacti/shrubs, hot soil, desert mice.
tropical rainforest- moist/rain, see monkeys lots of trees, dense canopy covers light, vegetation
temperate deciduous forest- many trees than change color and lose leaves in fall, mammals that hibernate, clearings for agriculture/urbanization
-taiga/coniferous forest- cone-bearing evergreens, heavy snow in winter, many trees

Front 21

6 abiotic factors?

Back 21

nonliving components: temperature, light, water, minerals, air, solar energy, nutrients

Front 22

pelagic zone? What and significance.

Back 22

the open ocean, supports communities dominated by motile animals (fishes squid, marine mammals whales)

Front 23

symbiosis

Back 23

means living together (the mutualistic, commensalism, etc.)