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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Charles Darwin
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father of evolution
"Origin of Species" |
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Evolution
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cumulative changes in groups of organisms through time
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Survival of the fittest
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species thats best fit to survive will reproduce more, making their genetics more dominant
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Aritificial selection
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hand selecting certain characteristics for breeding purposes
ex. domesticated dogs |
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Variation
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individuals in a population differ from one another
ex. height of sunflowers |
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Heritability
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Variations are inherited from parents
e. tall sunflowers produce tall sunflowers, and short produce short |
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Overproduction
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populations produce more offspring than can survive
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Reproductive advantage
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some variations allow organism that possesses them to have mroe offspring than the organism that does not possess them
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Overtime
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avg. height of sunflower population is short, bcuz shorter ones will produce more successfully &taller ones die off
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Natural selection
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through time nature modifies a population to produce a new species
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Fossil record
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history of fossils displaying evolutionary changes
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Derived traits
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newly evolved features that do not appear in the fossils of common ancestors
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Ancestral traits
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primitive features that appear in the fossils of common ancestors
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Transitional fossils
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provide detailed patterns of evolutionary change, display both derived and ancestral traits
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Homologous structures
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Anatomically similar structues inherited from a common ancestor
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Vestigal Structures
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structures that reduced forms of functional structures in other organisms
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Analogous structures
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structures used for same purpose and look simaler
not from common ancestor eagle/beetle wing |
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Comparative embryology
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comparing vertebrate embryos, they are very similar during different stages of development, display homologous structures
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Embryo
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early, pre-birth stage of an organisms development
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Geographic distribution
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south america vs. galapagos islands
-migration patterns explain diversity on islands |
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Biogeography
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study of distribution of plants and animals around the world
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Adaptation
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A trait shaped by natural selectoin that increases an organisms reproductive success
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Fitness
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a measure of the relative contribution an individual trait makes to the next generation
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Camouflage
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adaptations that allow them to blend in with their environment
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Mimicry
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one species evolves to resemble another species
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Hardy- Weinberg Principal
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when allelic frequencies remain constant, a population is in genetic equilibrium, even if populations grow--grow @ same rate
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Genetic drift
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any change in the allelic frequencies in a population that is due to chance
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founder effect
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when a small sample of a population settles in a location separated from the rest of the population
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bottleneck
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when a population declines to a very low # and rebounds.
the genepool is greatly reduced & reduces diversity |
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Stabilizing selection
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eliminates extreme expressions of a trait
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Directional selection
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when an extreme version of a trait makes an organism more fit
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disruptive selection
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splits a population into 2 groups, removes individuals with average traits
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Sexual selection
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when males and females differ significantly in appearance
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PEPPERED MOTH STORY
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were white
industrial revolution went black now speckled |
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Prezygotic isolation
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when reproduction is prevented by making fertilization unlikely
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Postzygotic isolation
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when fertilization has occured but offsprint cannot develor or reproduce
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Allopatric
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a physical barrier divides into 2 or more populations
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Sympatric
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when a species evolves into a new species without a physical barrier
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Adaptive radiation
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divergent evolution, many species evolve from one common ancestor in a short amount of time, happens when theres new niches
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Convergent evolution
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when unrelated species evolve similarly even though they live in different parts of the world bcuz of similar ecology and climate
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Gradualism
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evolution proceeds in small gradual steps
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Punctuated equilibrium
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rapid spurts of genetic change cause species to diverge quickly causing abrupt changes
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