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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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epistasis
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(ep'-i-sta'-sis) A type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited.
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F1 generation
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The first filial, or hybrid, offspring in a series of genetic crosses.
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F2 generation
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Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation.
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genotype
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(je´-no-tip) The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.
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heterozygous
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(het´-er-o-zi´-gus) Having two different alleles for a given gene.
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homozygous
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(ho´-mo-zi´-gus) Having two identical alleles for a given gene.
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Huntington’s disease
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A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.
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hybridization
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In genetics, the mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties.
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incomplete dominance
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The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele.
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law of independent assortment
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Mendel’s second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes.
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law of segregation
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Mendel’s first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate) into different gametes during gamete formation.
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monohybrid
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An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a monohybrid of genotype Aa.
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multifactorial
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Referring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.
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norm of reaction
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The range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences.
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P generation
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The parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stands for “parental.”
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pedigree
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A diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations.
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phenotype
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(fe´-no-tip) The physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.
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pleiotropy
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pli-o´-truh-pe) The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.
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polygenic inheritance
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(pol´-e-jen´-ik) An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character.
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Punnett square
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A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted results of random fertilization in genetic crosses.
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quantitative character
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A heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion.
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recessive allele
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An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote.
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sickle-cell disease
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A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele that results in the substitution of a single amino acid in a globin polypeptide that is part of the hemoglobin protein; characterized by deformed red blood cells (due to protein aggregation) that can
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Tay-Sachs disease
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A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years.
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testcross
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Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals the unknown genotype.
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trait
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Any detectable variant in a genetic character.
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true-breeding
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Referring to plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate.
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