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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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selective breeding
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method of improving a species by allowing only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
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hybridization
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breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms
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inbreeding
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continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics
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genetic engineering
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process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms
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restriction enzyme
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enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
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gel electrophoresis
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procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel
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recombinant DNA
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DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
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polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene
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plasmid
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circular DNA molecule found in bacteria
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genetic marker
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gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid with foreign DNA from those that don't
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transgenic
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term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms
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clone
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member of a population of genetically identical organisms produced from a single cell
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karyotype
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set of photographs of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs
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sex chromosome
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one of two chromosomes that determine an individual's sex; females have two X chromosomes, males have one X and one Y chromosome
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autosome
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autosomal chromosome; chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
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pedigree
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chart that shows the relationships within a family
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sex-linked gene
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gene located on the X or Y chromosome
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nondisjunction
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error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate
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DNA fingerprinting
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analysis of sections of DNA that have little or no known function, but vary widely from one individual to another, in order to identify individuals
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Luther Burbank
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selective plant breeder who developed disease-resistant potatoes to help fight potato blight in Ireland as well as over 300 varieties of other plants
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What is the PR interval and what is its significance?
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It is the interval between the BEGINNING of the P wave to the BEGINNING of the Q wave. It is a measure of the conduction velocity through the AV node
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mutation
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inheritable change in DNA. occurs spontaneously in nature
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polyploids
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plants that have extra chromosomes
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transformation
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one strain of bacteria is changed b a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria
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transgenic organisms
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contain genes from other organisms
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biotechnology
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a new industry that is changing the way we interact with the living world
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DNA, reproductive, and theroputic
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3 kinds of cloning
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46
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how many chromosomes does a human have?
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two chromosomes are sex chromosomes and 44 others are autosomes
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polygenic
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gene/trait with multiple alleles
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A, B, O, AB
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4 blood types
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down syndrome, with an extra copy of chromosome 21
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an example of autosomal nondisjunction is
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phenylketonuria
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(genetic disorder) rare condition in which a baby is born without the ability to properly break down an amino acid called phenylalanine.
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Huntington's disease
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(genetic disorder) disorder passed down through families in which certain nerve cells in the brain waste away, or degenerate
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sickle cell disease
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(genetic disorder) red blood cells are sickle shaped
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colorblindness
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inability to see color (sex-linked)
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hemophilia
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(sex-linked) group of bleeding disorders in which it takes a long time for the blood to clot
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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(sex-linked) inherited disorder that involves rapidly worsening muscle weakness
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human genome project
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international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs
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true
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T or F: hybrids are often hardier than either of the parents
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false
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T or F: to maintain the desired characteristics of a line of organisms, breeders often use hybridization
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false
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T or F: mutations cannot occur spontaneously
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true
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T or F: scientists have produced bacteria that can digest oil
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true
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T or F: making changes to the DNA code is similar to changing the code of a computer program
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true
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T or F: the pattern of colored bands on a gel tells the exact sequence of bases in DNA
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true
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T or F: many human genes have become known through the study of genetic disorders
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false
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T or F: the Y chromosome does not contain any genes at all
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true
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T or F: all X-linked alleles are expressed in males, even if they are recessive
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false
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T or F: barr bodies are found only in males
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true
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T or F: if nondisjunction occurs, gametes may have abnormal numbers of chromosomes
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false
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T or F: down syndrome occurs when an individual has two copies of chromosome 21
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false
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T or F: DNA evidence is not reliable enough to be used to convict criminals
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false
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T or F: human genome data are top secret and can only be accessed by certain people
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false
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T or F: all gene therapy experiments have been successful
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false
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T or F: scientists should be expected to make all ethical decisions regarding advances in human genetics
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