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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Differences between reproductive cloning with plants and animals
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Plants simpler, involves using small pieces piece and placing it in selective substance.
Animals: Obtain nucleus from small animal cell and place it in egg of mother, replace egg in surrogate mother. |
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What is an enucleated egg?
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A cell that the nucleus and genetic information has been removed.
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Why is a somatic cell arrested at G0 prior to fusing with the enucleated egg?
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So that it stops reproducing
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What is the difference between theraputic and reproductive cloning?
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Theraputic doesn't create full orgainism, merely mature cells. Reproductive is full organism
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What is a stem cell?
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A type of cell that has the capabilty to become any variety of cell types.
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Where do embyonic stem cells come from?
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Fertilized Embryos
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What is the difference between a stem cell and a regular somatic cell?
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Stem cells are cells that lack the genetic information for specific cells.
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Promoter
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A sequence of DNA in front of a gene that the DNA polymerase binds to
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Operon
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Sequence of DNA that contains a cluster of genes
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Operater
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Site where repressor binds
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Which out of a gene, promoter, operator and operon are in prokaryotes, but not in eukaryotes?
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Operater and Operon
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What control elements in the DNA precede the genes in a bacterial operon?
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Repressor protien and operator
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What regulatory protien binds to the operator in teh lac operon to control gene expressions?
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Repressor Protien
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What sequence does the RNA polymerase bind to?
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Promoter
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In the absense of lactose, what prevents teh RNA polymerase from transcribing the genes encoding the enzymes for the metabolism of lactose?
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Repressor Protein will block the path of RNA polymerase.
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What happens to the regulatory molecule in the presence of lactose?
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Changes shape and cannot bind to the operator and allows the RNA polymerase to progress
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What is the difference between Euchromatin and Heterochromatin.
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Euchromatin is accesible, loosely packed chromatin, Heterochromatin is tightly packed
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What is the role of teh chromatin remodeling complex? Where would you expect it to be most active?
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It unwinds DNA, Heterochromatin.
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In a eukaryotic cell, what is the name applied to protiens that promote transcription initiation?
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Transcription Factors
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What is an enhancer? Is it a protein or a component of DNA? What is its role?
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Transcription activators bind to enhance and speed up the process of DNA rep.
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After transcription of a particular gene occurs and a primary transcript is made, how is it further processed prior to being shipped out of the nucleus?
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Removal of introns and exons
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While it is true that many genes encode the information for only a single polypeptide, is it true that all genes encode only on polypeptide?
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No
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Translation initiation describes another level of control in eukaryotes. In what compartment of the cell does this cell occur?
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Cytoplasm
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Once the mRNA is translated and the protien is made, describe three levels of control.
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Modification of shape for activation, regulation of life cycle by proteasomes.
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What is the name of how multicellular eukaryotic organisms communicate with each other to affect gene expression?
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Cell transduction
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What molecule on the surface fo the signal receiving cell binds the signal?
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Receptor Protein
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What is the end result of the pathway on the cell?
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mRNA translation
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Characteristics of cancer cells (5)
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no contact inhibition, uncontrolled growth, non specialized, abnormal chromosomes, no apoptosis.
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Which cells are most likely to develop cancer? Mitotically active or G0?
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Mitotically active
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What is the role of a proto-oncogene? Why are these mutations gain of function mutations?
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Code for protiens, prevent apoptosis; because they are more active.
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What is the normal role of a tumor suppressor gene? Why are mutations in these genes called loss of function?
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Inhibit cell cycle and stimulate apoptosis; because they are no longer able to control.
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What enzyme, whose role is to add repeart units of nucleotide to the ends of chromosomes, is often found in active cancer cells?
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Telomerase
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