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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Signaltransduction pathway |
seriesof steps by which a signal on a cell’s surface is converted into a specificcellular response |
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Localsignaling: |
animalcells may communicate by direct contact or by using messenger molecules thattravel only a short distance |
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Animal and plant cells have _______ ________ that directly connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. |
cell junctions |
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One class of such local regulators inanimals |
Growth Factors |
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In long-distance signaling, plantsand animals use chemicals called |
Hormones |
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Hormonal signaling in animals is called |
endocrine signaling |
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cellsreceiving signals went through three processes: |
Reception Transduction Response |
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Thereare three main types of membrane receptors |
G protein-coupled receptors Receptor tyrosine kinases Ion channel receptors |
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G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) |
largest family of cell-surface receptors; work with the help of G protein |
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Proteinkinases |
transfer phosphates from ATP toprotein; process is called phosphorylation |
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Many relay molecules in signaltransduction pathways are protein kinases, creating a |
phosphorylationcascade |
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Extracellular signal molecule(ligand) that binds to receptor is pathway’s |
first messenger |
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Secondmessengers |
small,nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ionsthat spread throughout a cell by diffusion |
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The cell’sresponse to an extracellular signal is called the |
output response |
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How does signaling pathways regulate the synthesis of enzymes or other proteins. |
By turning genes on or off in the nucleus |
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Apoptosis: |
programmed cell death |
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What does apoptosis do? |
preventsenzymes from leaking out of a dying cell and damaging neighboring cells |
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Caspases: |
mainproteases (enzymes that cut up proteins) that carry out apoptosis |