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18 Cards in this Set

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  • Back

Signaltransduction pathway

seriesof steps by which a signal on a cell’s surface is converted into a specificcellular response

Localsignaling:

animalcells may communicate by direct contact or by using messenger molecules thattravel only a short distance

Animal and plant cells have _______ ________ that directly connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells.

cell junctions

One class of such local regulators inanimals

Growth Factors

In long-distance signaling, plantsand animals use chemicals called

Hormones

Hormonal signaling in animals is called

endocrine signaling

cellsreceiving signals went through three processes:

Reception


Transduction


Response

Thereare three main types of membrane receptors

G protein-coupled receptors


Receptor tyrosine kinases


Ion channel receptors

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

largest family of cell-surface receptors; work with the help of G protein

Proteinkinases

transfer phosphates from ATP toprotein; process is called phosphorylation

Many relay molecules in signaltransduction pathways are protein kinases, creating a

phosphorylationcascade

Extracellular signal molecule(ligand) that binds to receptor is pathway’s

first messenger

Secondmessengers

small,nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ionsthat spread throughout a cell by diffusion

The cell’sresponse to an extracellular signal is called the

output response

How does signaling pathways regulate the synthesis of enzymes or other proteins.

By turning genes on or off in the nucleus

Apoptosis:

programmed cell death

What does apoptosis do?

preventsenzymes from leaking out of a dying cell and damaging neighboring cells

Caspases:

mainproteases (enzymes that cut up proteins) that carry out apoptosis