Biology Ch. 1-5

Front 1

Ion

Back 1

Resulting oppositely charged ions from the atoms inequality in attracting valence electrons

Front 2

Cation

Back 2

Positively charged ion

Front 3

Anion

Back 3

Negatively charged ion

Front 4

Ionic bond

Back 4

When cations and anions attract each other

Front 5

Ionic compounds

Back 5

Compounds formed by ionic bonds

Front 6

Single bond

Back 6

One line

Front 7

Double bond

Back 7

Two lines

Front 8

Electronegativity

Back 8

The attraction of an atom to get electrons from a covalent bond

Front 9

Nonpolar covalent bond

Back 9

The electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have the same electronegativity

Front 10

Polar covalent bond

Back 10

The electrons are not shared equally

Front 11

Covalent bond

Back 11

the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

Front 12

Valence electrons

Back 12

Electrons in the outermost shell, chemical behavior of an atom depends on this

Front 13

Valence shell

Back 13

Outermost electron shell

Front 14

Molecule

Back 14

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Front 15

Isotopes

Back 15

Different atomic forms of the same element

Front 16

Radioactive isotope

Back 16

The nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

Front 17

Compound

Back 17

A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

Front 18

Osmosis occurs when...

Back 18

Water moves across a membrane to an area of high solute concentration

Front 19

Electron microscope

Back 19

Is more expensive, allows better resolution of cellular structures

Front 20

Light microscope

Back 20

Can visualize moving cells

Front 21

Three domains of life:

Back 21

Eukarya, bacteria, and archaea

Front 22

Population

Back 22

Same species existing in the same place

Front 23

Community

Back 23

Different species existing in the same place

Front 24

Ecosystem

Back 24

All living organisms

Front 25

Biosphere

Back 25

Non living organisms

Ex. Air, land, and water

Front 26

Betty

Eats

Cake

Pops

Only

On

Certain

Tuesdays

Or

Mondays

Back 26

Biosphere

Ecosystem

Community

Population

Organisms

Organs

Cells

Tissues

Organelles

Molecules

Front 27

Hydrogen bond

Back 27

The noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and electronegative atom

Front 28

Chemical reactions

Back 28

Making and breaking up of chemical bonds, which leads to changes in the composition of matter

Front 29

Chemical equilibrium

Back 29

The point where reactions offset one other exactly

Front 30

Cohesion

Back 30

Hydrogen bonds holding a substance (water) together

Front 31

Adhesion

Back 31

The clinging of one substance to another

Front 32

Surface tension

Back 32

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

Front 33

Solution

Back 33

A mixed liquid that is made up of two or more substances

Front 34

Solvent

Back 34

The dissolving agent of a solution

Front 35

Solvent

Back 35

What is being dissolved

Front 36

Hydrophilic

Back 36

Able to be dissolved by and mix with water. Polar substances

Front 37

Hydrophobic

Back 37

Nonionic and nonpolar, substances that seem to repel water. They don't mix with water and can't be dissolved by it

Front 38

Molecular mass

Back 38

All of the masses of the atoms in a molecule

Front 39

0-7

7-14

Back 39

Acidic

Basic

Front 40

Organic compound

Back 40

Compound containing carbon, the ones associated with life also contain hydrogen atoms

Front 41

4 classes of large molecules of living things

Back 41

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acids

Front 42

Macromolecules

Back 42

1. Carbohydrates

2. Proteins

3. Nucleic acids

Large and complex

Front 43

Hydrocarbons

Back 43

Consisting of mainly hydrogen and carbon, the hydrogen attaches to the carbon, major component of petroleum, can undergo high energy reactions

Front 44

Petroleum

Back 44

A fossil fuel

Front 45

Fossil fuel

Back 45

Made up of partly decomposed remains of organisms

Front 46

Polymers

Back 46

Made up of monomers, is a macromolecule, linked by covalent bonds

Front 47

Monomers

Back 47

Building blocks that make up polymers, smaller molecules

Front 48

Enzymes

Back 48

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

Front 49

Hydrolysis

Back 49

Polymers are disassembled to monomers

Front 50

Carbohydrates

Back 50

Macromolecules, serve as fuel and building material

Front 51

Monosaccharides

Back 51

Simple sugars

Front 52

Plants

Animals

Back 52

Store starch

Store glycogen

Front 53

Lipids

Back 53

Don't have true polymers, too small to be macromolecules, don't mix well with water

Front 54

3 types of lipids

Back 54

Fats, phospholipids and steroids

Front 55

Fats

Back 55

Not polymers, large molecule, made up of glycerol and fatty acids

Front 56

Phospholipids

Back 56

Make up cell membranes, have a polar and non polar end

Front 57

Steroids

Back 57

Lipids, the carbon skeleton is made up of four fused rings

Front 58

Cholesterol

Back 58

Crucial steroid in animals, common component of animal and cell membranes

Front 59

Catalysts

Back 59

Chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction

Front 60

Polypeptide

Back 60

Polymer of amino acids

Front 61

Protein

Back 61

Made up of one or more polypeptides that are folded and coiled

Front 62

Gene

Back 62

Amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

Front 63

DNA

RNA

Back 63

Provides directions for replication

What DNA's protein synthesis is controlled by

Front 64

Polynucleotides

Back 64

Nucleic acids, macromolecules that exist as polymers, made up of nucleotides

Front 65

Protons

Electrons

Neutrons

Back 65

Atomic #

Atomic #

Atomic Mass - Atomic #

Front 66

Organelles

Back 66

Membrane-enclosed structures

Front 67

Cells

Back 67

The fundamental units of life, make up all organisms

Front 68

Common cell elements:

Back 68

Cytosol

Plasma membrane

Chromosomes

Ribosomes

Front 69

2 cell types

Back 69

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Front 70

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

Back 70

Bacteria and archaea, lacks a true nucleus

Eukarya, contains a nucleus

Front 71

As a cell gets larger, the surface area for volume...

Back 71

Decreases

Front 72

Irregularly shaped surfaces have ______ surface area to volume ratios

Back 72

Increased

Front 73

Ribosomes synthesize polypeptides in the _____ and the ______

Back 73

Cytosol: free ribosomes synthesize proteins

Endoplasmic reticulum: bound ribosomes synthesize proteins destined for insertion into membranes and secretion into the cell

Front 74

Chromosomes

Back 74

Discrete unites of organized DNA

Front 75

Chromatin

Back 75

DNA and proteins making up chromosomes

Front 76

Nucleolus

Back 76

Within the nucleus

Front 77

Ribosomes

Back 77

Cellular components that carry out protein synthesis

Front 78

Smooth ER

Rough ER

Back 78

Synthesize lipids

Keep proteins separate

Front 79

Golgi Apparatus

Back 79

A warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping and some manufacturing. Products of the ER are modified and stored and then sent to other places around the cell

Front 80

Central vacuole

Back 80

Present in plant cells, plays a role in the growth of plant cells

Front 81

Chloroplasts

Back 81

Converts solar energy to chemical energy: photosynthesis

Front 82

Mitocondria

Back 82

Generates ATP, powerhouse of the cell

Front 83

Amino acids form:

Nucleotides form:

Glucose forms:

Back 83

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Glycogen

Front 84

Things that are polar don't mix with _______ and ________ things

Back 84

Non-water, hydrophilic

Front 85

The membrane is primarily held together by:

Back 85

Weak hydrophobic interactions

Front 86

True or False:

Phospholipids can move laterally

Phospholipids rarely flip across the membrane

Back 86

Answer:

True

False

Front 87

Temperature affects the fluidity of membranes:

Low Temperatures:

High Temperatures:

Back 87

Less fluid membranes, solidify

More fluid, dispersed

Fluidity at different temperatures depends on the composition of the membrane

Front 88

Cholesterol and Membrane Fluidity

Warm:

Cool:

Back 88

Cholesterol restrains movement of the phospholipids

Cholesterol doesn't restrain the phospholipids movements

Front 89

Fluorescence can recover after photobleaching

Back 89

The dark spot will begin to brighten

Front 90

Membrane proteins

Back 90

Transport, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, signal transduction, and attachment to the cytoskeleton and the extra cellular matrix

Front 91

Membrane structure results in

Back 91

Selective permeability

Front 92

Only certain substances can cross directly through the membrane bilayer

Hydrophobic:

Hydrophilic

Back 92

Can cross directly through

Can cross by transport proteins

Front 93

Passive Transport

Back 93

Substances move by diffusion across a membrane, substances move down concentration gradients (from high to low), doesn't require energy

Front 94

Simple diffusion

Back 94

Molecules move across a membrane

Front 95

Facilitated diffusion

Back 95

Molecules require a channel that allows them to move across a membrane

Front 96

Osmosis is...

Back 96

The movement of water down its concentration gradient

Front 97

Diffusion is

Back 97

Always happening

Front 98

Water balance in living cells

Back 98

Aquaporins

Front 99

Active transport

Back 99

moves substances against their concentration gradient, requires energy, usually in the form of ATP

Front 100

Sodium-pottasium pump

Back 100

Transmembrane pump that uses ATP to move

Front 101

Electrochemical Gradient

Back 101

2 forces drive the diffusion of ions across a membrane, a chemical force and an electrical force

Front 102

Cotransport occurs when...

Back 102

Active transport of a solute indirectly drives the transport of other solutes

Front 103

What makes cotransport inefficient?

Back 103

Leaky membranes

Front 104

What's a gradient?

Back 104

When one place has a high concentration and another place has a low concentration

Front 105

Bulk transport involves...

Back 105

Uptake of a membrane-bound vesicle