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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Structure of a nucleotide
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5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
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messenger RNA
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carries instructions for amino acid assembly from DNA to rest of cell
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transfer RNA
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carries each amino acid to the ribosome where proteins are assembled
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Base pairing: DNA
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A + T
C + G |
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Base pairing: RNA
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A + U
C + G |
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transforming agent of bacteria
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DNA
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Rosalind Franklin
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used x-ray diffraction and found out that DNA has a scattered pattern resembling an X
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replication
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the duplication of DNA
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denaturation
annealing polymerization |
- DNA molecule separated into 2 strands
- primers bind to the separated DNA to prepare it for duplication - polymerase enzyme copies DNA |
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Crick and Watson
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used Rosalind Franklin's discovery to realize that the structure of DNA is a double helix.
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transcription
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RNA polymerase binds to DNA to separate the strands. DNA is used as a template to create complementary DNA.
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translation
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information from mRNA used to make proteins
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introns
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pieces cut off of RNA; transcribed from eukaryotic genes to become functional
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exons
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remaining portions which are spliced together to form final RNA
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2 types of mutations
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point and chromosomal
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mechanism of evolution
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struggle for existence and natural selection
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survival of the fittest
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fitness is a result of an organism's ability to adapt to its environment
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struggle for existence
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species compete constantly for daily necessities of life
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evidence of evolution
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fossils, geographic distribution, body structure, early development similarities
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structure of ATP
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phosphate group, ribose molecule, adenine molecule
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aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration
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aerobic respiration requires oxygen.
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importance of an intact mitochondrial membrane in the electron transport chain
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diffusion and creation of a gradient over the mitochondrial membrane
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lactid acid fermentation
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occurs when there is a build up of pyruvic acid after glyclolysis which is transformed into lactid acid
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alcoholic fermentation
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occurs in yeast and a few other micro-organisms; forms ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as waste products
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glycolysis
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when a molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing pyruvic acid and 4 ATP (but net gain only 2)
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Mitosis
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- body cell
- one nuclear division - daughter cell is identical to mother cell - diploid |
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stem cells
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cells that can grow into anything
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eukaryotic cells
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- membrane bound nucleus
- many organelles separated from other cytoplasm components |
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prokaryotic
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- no nucleus
- contain no organelles |
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archaebacteria
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oldest prokaryote, "mother of us all", found at bottom of sea
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eubacteria
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newer prokaryote, found in hot springs
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animalia
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mammals, multicellular, heterotrophic
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plantae
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autotrophs, photosynthesize, multicellular
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fungi
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contains largest known single organism, break down dead organic materials to cycle nutrients through ecosystem
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protista
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eukaryotes, unicellular, aquatic habitats
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sex linked traits
- prominence in males - location |
- men have one X chromosome and all X linked alleles expressed
- located on X or Y chromosome |
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selective breeding
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species improved by allowing only organisms w/ desired traits to reproduce
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transformation
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when a cell takes in DNA from outside of the cell into its own DNA
ex. cloning |
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gel electophoresis
- process |
a procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments
- DNA fragments poured into the wells on one side of the gel, electric voltage makes the fragments move from negative to positive; shorter fragment move further |
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restriction enzymes
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cuts DNA
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DNA fingerprinting
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analysis of sections of DNA that have no known function, in order to identify people
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PCR
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allows biologists to make many copies of a particular gene
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transgenic organisms
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contain genes from other organisms
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- protostome
vs. - deuterostome development |
- mouth formed first
- anus formed first |
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Meiosis
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- sex cell
- 2 nuclear divisions - daughter cell is not the same as parent cell - haploid |
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descent w/ modification
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every species has developed from another species over time, w/ adaptations
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multiple alleles
- ex. blood typing |
when there are more than two alleles
- A, B, i for blood type |
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protein synthesis
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protein made from amino acids; on a chain of RNA, if the nitrogen bases divided into groups of 3, they make codons which code for an amino acid
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raw materials of evolution
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mutations, struggle for existence, descent w/ modification, survival of the fittest
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gene linkage
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genes for traits are always inherited together; chromosomes are actually linked genes and they assort independently
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